SlawsonRG. Medical training in the United States prior to the Civil War. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med.2012;17(1):11‐27.
2.
ByrdWMClaytonLA. An American Health Dilemma: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race: Beginnings to 1900. Taylor & Francis; 2012.
BrownSW. Colored women physicians. The Southern Workman. 1923;52(12):580‐593.
5.
SanderKW. Mary Elizabeth Garrett: Society and Philanthropy in the Gilded Age. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2020.
6.
KesselRA. The A.M.A. and the supply of physicians. Law Contemp Probl.1970;35(2):267‐283.
7.
CochranBLR. Rowena Spencer: a study of changing gender roles in twentieth-century Louisiana medicine. In: Louisiana Women: Their Lives and Times. University of Georgia Press; 2009:286‐302.
8.
FlexnerA. Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; 1910.
9.
RackemannF. J.H.U. Medical School admits 1st U.S. Negro. The Evening Sun, July 16, 1963:20 (B6).
10.
SnyderJEUptonRDHassettTCLeeHNouriZDillM. Black representation in the primary care physician workforce and its association with population life expectancy and mortality rates in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(4):e236687. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6687
11.
CampbellKMCorralIInfante LinaresJLTuminD. Projected estimates of African American medical graduates of closed historically Black medical schools. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(8):e2015220. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.15220
12.
SakaNYamamotoNWatanabeJ, et al.Comparison of postoperative outcomes among patients treated by male versus female surgeons: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2024;280(6):945‐953. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000006339
13.
SergeantASahaSShinS, et al.Variations in processes of care and outcomes for hospitalized general medicine patients treated by female vs male physicians. JAMA Health Forum. 2021;2(7):e211615. doi: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.1615
14.
MiyawakiAJenaABRotensteinLSTsugawaY. Comparison of hospital mortality and readmission rates by physician and patient sex. Ann Intern Med. 2024;177(5):598‐608. doi: 10.7326/M23-3163
15.
JosephMMAhasicAMClarkJTempletonK. State of women in medicine: history, challenges, and the benefits of a diverse workforce. Pediatrics. 2021;148(suppl 2):e2021051440C.
16.
RamirezAGWildesKANápoles-SpringerAPérez-StableETalaveraGRiosE. Physician gender differences in general and cancer-specific prevention attitudes and practices. J Cancer Educ. 2009;24(2):85‐93. doi: 10.1080/08858190802664396
17.
HallJARoterDLBlanchDCFrankelRM. Nonverbal sensitivity in medical students: implications for clinical interactions. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(11):1217‐1222. doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-1107-5
18.
GanguliISheridanBGrayJChernewMRosenthalMBNeprashH. Physician work hours and the gender pay gap - evidence from primary care. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(14):1349‐1357. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa2013804
19.
RuleAShaferCMMicekMABaltusJJSinskyCAArndtBG. Gender differences in primary care physicians’ electronic health record use over time: an observational study. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38(6):1570‐1572. doi: 10.1007/s11606-022-07837-2.
20.
RoterDLHallJA. Women doctors don't get the credit they deserve. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(3):273‐274. doi: 10.1007/s11606-014-3081-9