Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2020-12
Neonatal Adverse Outcomes,Neonatal Birth Risks,and Socioeconomic Status: Combined Influence on Preterm Infants’ Cognitive,Language,and Motor Development in Brazil
This study extended previous research by investigating the combined effects of neonatal birth risks, neonatal adverse outcomes, and socioeconomic status on preterm neurodevelopment.
Method:
A total of 184 preterm infants were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III in a follow-up clinic in southern Brazil. Structural equation modeling was conducted with 3 latent variables (neonatal birth risks, neonatal adverse outcomes, and socioeconomic status) and 3 outcomes (cognitive, language, and motor development).
Results:
The analyses showed that neonatal adverse outcomes were associated with infants’ cognitive (b = –0.45, P < .001), language (b = –0.23, P = .001), and motor (b = –0.51, P < .001) development. Socioeconomic status also explained the variances (cognitive: b = 0.20, P = .006; language: b = 0.28, P = .001; and motor: b = 0.21, P = .004), whereas neonatal birth risks remained significant only in the motor development (b = 0.15, P = .040).
Conclusion:
This study suggests that the most evident contributors to poor neurodevelopment were adverse outcomes and socioeconomic risk factors.
MaggiEFMagalhãesLCCamposAFBouzadaMCF. Preterm children have unfavorable motor, cognitive, and functional performance when compared to term children of preschool age. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90(4):377–383.
2.
World Health Organization. Preterm Birth. Fact sheets. 2018.
3.
Blauw-HospersCHHadders-AlgraM. A systematic review of the effects of early intervention on motor development. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47(6):421–432.
4.
ChiquettiEMSCarvalhoACFZanellaAKValentinaNC. Risk factors and motor development of infants born small for gestational age (sga) term and preterm. Varia Scientia. 2018;4(1):110–118.
5.
CarnielCZFurtadoMCCVicenteJB, et al.Influence of risk factors on language development and contributions of early stimulation: an integrative literature review. Rev CEFAC. 2017;19(1):109–118.
6.
SampaioTFDNogueiraKPAPontesTB, et al.Motor behavior of low birth weight and very low birth weight premature infants. Fisioter Pesqui. 2015;22(3):253–260.
7.
RichardsJLDrews-BotschCSalesJM, et al.Describing the shape of the relationship between gestational age at birth and cognitive development in a nationally representative U.S. birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2016;30(6): 571–582.
8.
GotardoJWVolkmerNdFVStanglerGP, et al.Impact of peri-intraventricular haemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia in the neurodevelopment of preterms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(10).
9.
SyrengelasDKalampokiVKleisiouniP, et al.Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) performance of Greek preterm infants: comparisons with full-term infants of the same nationality and impact of prematurity-related morbidity factors. Phys Ther. 2016;96(7):1102–1108.
10.
CizmeciMNde VriesLSLyLG, et al.Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction in very preterm infants: characteristic sonographic findings and association with neurodevelopmental outcome at age 2 years. J Pediatr. 2019;217:79–85.
11.
RozeEBendersMJKersbergenKJ, et al.Neonatal DTI early after birth predicts motor outcome in preterm infants with periventricular hemorrhagic infarction. Pediatr Res. 2015;78(3):298–303.
12.
SilveiraRCProcianoyRS. Lesões isquêmicas cerebrais no recém-nascido pré-termo de muito baixo peso. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(1 suppl):S23–S32.
13.
ChevallierMDebillonTPierratV, et al.Leading causes of preterm delivery as risk factors for intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: results of the EPIPAGE 2 cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(5):518.e1-518.e12.
14.
Romero-GuzmanGJLopez-MunozF. Prevalence and risk factor for periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants. A systematic review. Rev Neurol. 2017;65(2):57–62.
15.
BreemanLDJaekelJBaumannN, et al.Neonatal predictors of cognitive ability in adults born very preterm: a prospective cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59:477–483.
16.
O’SheaTMAllredENKubanKCK, et al.Intraventricular hemorrhage and developmental outcomes at 24 months age in extremely preterm infants. J Child Neurol. 2012;27(1):22–29.
17.
PereiraKRGSaccaniRValentiniNC. Cognition and environment are predictors of infants’ motor development over time. Fisioter Pesqui. 2016;23(1):59–67.
18.
SilvaJLGVSoaresEACaetanoEA, et al.The Impact of Maternal Education and Income PerCapita in Development of Children from Zero to Three Years. Revista Ciências em Saúde. 2011;1(2):62–67.
19.
ZajonzRMullerABValentiniNC. The influence of environmental factors in motor and social performance of children from the suburb of Porto Alegre. Rev Educ Fis. 2008;19(2):159–171.
20.
Grantham-McGregorSCheungYBCuetoS, et al.Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet. 2007;369:60–70.
21.
LealMCEsteves-PereiraAPNakamura-PereiraM, et al.Prevalence and risk factors related to preterm birth in Brazil. Reprod Health. 2016;13(127):164–265.
22.
WalkerSPWachsTDGrantham-McGregorS, et al.Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet. 2011;378(9799):1325–1338.
23.
MuthénLKMuthénBO. Mplus user’s guide. In: Statistical Analysis With Latent Variables. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén; 2012.
24.
ByrneB. Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. 2nd ed. London: Routledge; 2013.
25.
HuLBentlerPM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Eq Model. 1999;6(1):1–55.
26.
MulaikSAJamesLRAlstineJ, et al.Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychol Bull. 1989;105(3):430–445.
27.
Córcoles-ParadaMGiménez-MateoRSerrano-del-PuebloV, et al.Born too early and too small: higher order cognitive function and brain at risk at ages 8–16. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1942.
28.
HuangJZhangLKangB, et al.Association between perinatal hypoxic-ischemia and periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta- analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0184993.
29.
ChoiJYRhaDParkES. The effects of the severity of periventricular leukomalacia on the neuropsychological outcomes of preterm children. J Child Neurol. 2016;31(5):603–612.
30.
OddDERasmussenFGunnellD, et al.A cohort study of low Apgar scores and cognitive outcomes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2008;93:115–120.
31.
SriramSSchreiberMDMsallME, et al.Cognitive development and quality of life associated with BPD in 10-year-olds born preterm. Pediatrics. 2018;141(6):e20172719.
32.
BrouwerMJKersbergenKJvan KooijBJM, et al.Preterm brain injury on term-equivalent age MRI in relation to perinatal factors and neurodevelopmental outcome at two years. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177128.
33.
RollèLGullottaGTrombettaT, et al.Father involvement and cognitive development in early and middle childhood: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2405.
34.
CabreraNJShannonJDTamis-LeMondaC. Fathers’ influence on their children’s cognitive and emotional development: from toddlers to pre-k. Appl Dev Sci. 2007;11:208–213.
35.
CabreraNJVollingBLBarrR. Fathers are parents, too! Widening the lens on parenting for children’s development. Child Dev Perspect. 2018;12:152–157.
36.
CabreraNTamis-LeMondaCSBradleyRH, et al.Fatherhood in the twenty-first century. Child Dev. 2000;71:127–136.
37.
BeauregardJLDrews-BotschCSalesJM, et al.Preterm birth, poverty, and cognitive development. Pediatrics. 2018;141(1):e20170509.
38.
SentenacMJohnsonSCharkalukM, et al.Maternal education and language development at 2 years corrected age in children born very preterm: results from a European population-based cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2020;74:1–8.
39.
Hirsh-PasekKAdamsonLBBakemanR, et al.The contribution of early communication quality to low-income children’s language success. Psychol Sci. 2015;26(7):1071–1083.
40.
ReidyNMorganAThompsonDK, et al.Impaired language abilities and white matter abnormalities in children born very preterm and/or very low birth weight. J Pediatr. 2013;162(4):719–724.
41.
TaylorHJMinichNBangertB, et al.Long-term neuropsychological outcomes of very low birth weight: associations with early risks for periventricular brain insults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:987–1004.
42.
CharkalukMRousseauJBenhammouV, et al.Association of language skills with other developmental domains in extremely, very, and moderately preterm children: EPIPAGE 2 cohort study. J Pediatr. 2019;208:114–120.
43.
van Noort-van der SpeknILFrankenMJPWeisglas-KuperusN. Language functions in preterm-born children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):745–754.
44.
ValadiSGabbardC. The effect of affordances in the home environment on children’s fine- and gross motor skills. Early Child Dev Care. 2018;90:1225–1232.
45.
RonfaniLVecchi BrumattiLMariuzM, et al.The complex interaction between home environment, socioeconomic status, maternal IQ and early child neurocognitive development: a multivariate analysis of data collected in a newborn cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0127052.
46.
SpittleAJCameronKDoyleLWCheongJL. Motor impairment trends in extremely preterm children: 1991–2005. Pediatrics. 2018;141(4):e20173410.
47.
FuentefriaRNSilveiraRCProcianoyRS. Motor development of preterm infants assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: systematic review article. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2017;93(4):328–334.
