Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

We investigated the plasma cytokine profiles of children with febrile seizures or severe acute encephalitis using multiplex cytometry to evaluate the role of cytokines in these diseases. Interleukin-6, -10, -12p70, -17A, -2, -4, -5, -9, -13, -22, and -1β, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured in the plasma from children with febrile seizures (n = 9) or severe acute encephalitis (n = 21). In multivariate analysis, interleukin-6 was significantly increased in the plasma of the febrile seizure patients compared to those with severe acute encephalitis, suggesting that interleukin-6 is activated during the acute stage of a febrile seizure. A lower plasma interleukin-6 concentration was significantly associated with severe acute encephalitis. The cytokine network may be deregulated in severe acute encephalitis via the persistence of an uncontrolled inflammatory state in the brain.

Keywords

cytokine febrile seizures severe acute encephalitis interleukin-6 inflammation

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Thompson

Kneen

Riordan

. Encephalitis in children. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(2):150–161.

Falchek

. Encephalitis in the pediatric population. Pediatr Rev. 2012;33(3):122–133.

Riazi

Galic

Pittman

. Contributions of peripheral inflammation to seizure susceptibility: cytokines and brain excitability. Epilepsy Res. 2010;89(1):34–42.

Galic

Riazi

Pittman

. Cytokines and brain excitability. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2012;33(1):116–125.

Kalita

Srivastava

Mishra

. Cytokines and chemokines in viral encephalitis: a clinicoradiological correlation. Neurosci Lett. 2010;473(1):48–51.

Asano

Ichiki

Koizumi

. IL-8 in cerebrospinal fluid from children with acute encephalopathy is higher than in that from children with febrile seizure. Scand J Immunol. 2010;71:447–51.

Lin

Chiu

. Antineuronal antibodies and infectious pathogens in severe acute pediatric encephalitis [published online ahead of print November 8, 2012]. J Child Neurol.

Morichi

Kawashima

Ioi

. High production of interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma in influenza-associated MERS in the early phase. Pediatr Int. 2012;54(4):536–538.

Ishizaki

Kira

Fukuda

. Interleukin-10 is associated with resistance to febrile seizures: genetic association and experimental animal studies. Epilepsia. 2009;50(4):761–767.

10.

Straussberg

Amir

Harel

. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with febrile convulsions. Pediatr Neurol. 2001;24(1):49–53.

11.

. A meta-analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the plasma of epileptic patients with recent seizure. Neurosci Lett. 2012;514(1):110–115.

12.

Penkowa

Molinero

Carrasco

. Interleukin-6 deficiency reduces the brain inflammatory response and increases oxidative stress and neurodegeneration after kainic acid-induced seizures. Neuroscience. 2001;102(4):805–818.

13.

Fukuda

Morimoto

Suzuki

. Interleukin-6 attenuates hyperthermia-induced seizures in developing rats. Brain Dev. 2007;29(10):644–648.

14.

Pizzi

Sarnico

Boroni

. Prevention of neuron and oligodendrocyte degeneration by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor/IL-6 fusion protein in organotypic hippocampal slices. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2004;25(2):301–311.

15.

Yamada

Hatanaka

. Interleukin-6 protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced cell death. Brain Res. 1994;643(1-2):173–180.

16.

Ali

Nicole

Docagne

. Ischemia-induced interleukin-6 as a potential endogenous neuroprotective cytokine against NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20(6):956–966.

17.

Shih

Johnson

Wong

. Coordinate regulation of glutathione biosynthesis and release by Nrf2-expressing glia potently protects neurons from oxidative stress. J Neurosci. 2003;23(8):3394–3406.

18.

Tran

Shin

Saito

. Protective potential of IL-6 against trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52(7):1159–1174.

19.

Chiaretti

Antonelli

Mastrangelo

. Interleukin-6 and nerve growth factor upregulation correlates with improved outcome in children with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(3):225–234.

20.

Ley

Clond

Singer

. IL6 deficiency affects function after traumatic brain injury. J Surg Res. 2011;170(2):253–256.

Analysis of Plasma Multiplex Cytokines for Children With Febrile Seizures and Severe Acute Encephalitis

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References