Childhood ischemic strokes can lead to problems like hemiplegias, epilepsies, cognitive changes (memory and mathematical solutions), and language ability (reading, writing, and aphasias). The purpose of this study was to evaluate language and its aspects in children with unilateral ischemic stroke and associate them with the age during the event, injured side, and occurrence of epilepsy. Thirty-two children between 8 months and 19 years of age were evaluated. Among them, 21 (65%) had a change in their language skills, there being a connection between age and the time of injury (P < .05). The most impaired aspects were their phonology, semantics, and syntax. In this sample, there was a persistent change in the semantic aspect, which is an alert for the early detection of learning and future development problems.
Crosley CJSpeech and language disorders. In: Swaimann KF, ed. Pediatric Neurology. 3rd ed. New York: Mosbi; 1999:568-575.
2.
Lenneberg EHBiological Foudations of Language. New York: Wiley; 1967.
3.
Lynch JK, Nelson KBEpidemiology of perinatal stroke. Curr Opin Pediatr . 2001;13:499-505.
4.
Nelson KB, Lynch JKStroke in newborn infants. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3:150-158.
5.
deVeber G., Roach ES, Riela AR, et al. Stroke in children: recognition, treatment and future directions . Semin Pediatr Neurol.2000;7:309-317.
6.
Schulzke S., Weber P., Luetschg J., Fahnenstich H.Incidence and diagnosis of unilateral arterial cerebral infarction in newborn infants. J Perinat Med. 2005;33:170-175.
7.
Schoenberg BS , Mellinger JF, Schoenberg DGCerebrovascular disease in infants and children: a study of incidence, clinical features, and survival . Neurology . 1978;28:763-768.
8.
Kirkham FJ, Hogan AMRisk factors for arterial ischemic stroke in children. CNS Spectr. 2004;9:451-464.
9.
deVeber G., MacGregor D., Curtis R., Mayank S.Neurologic outcome in survivors of childhood arterial ischemic stroke and sinovenous thrombosis. J Child Neurol. 2000 ;15:316-324.
10.
Estan J., Hope P.Unilateral neonatal cerebral infarction in full term infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neo Ed. 1997;76:F88-93.
11.
Guimarães IE, Ciasca SM, Moura-Ribeiro MVNeuropsychological evaluation of children after ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr . 2002;60(2-B):386-389.
12.
Gout A., Seibel N., Rouvière C., et al. Aphasia owing to subcortical brain infarcts in childhood. J Child Neurol. 2005;20:1003-1008.
13.
Van Hout A.Acquired aphasia in chilhood. In: Segalowitz SJ, Rapin I, eds. Handbook of Neuropsychology. 2nd ed. Vol 8, Part II. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science BV; 2003:631-658.
14.
Aram DM, Ekelmann BL, Rose DF, Whitaker HAVerbal and cognitive sequelae following unilateral lesions acquired in early childhood. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1985;7:55-78.
15.
Bates E., Reilly J., Wulfeck B., et al. Differential effects of unilateral lesions on language production in children and adults. Brain Lang. 2001;79:223-265.
16.
McLinden A. , Baird AD, Westmacott R., at al. Early cognitive outcome after neonatal stroke. J Child Neurol. 2007;22:1111-1116.
17.
Cooper JA, Flowers CRChildren with a history of acquired aphasia: residual language and academic impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1987;52:251-262.
18.
Feldman H., Holland A., Kemp S., Janosky J.Language development after unilateral brain injury. Brain Lang. 1992;42:89-102.
19.
Pitchford NJSpoken language correlates of reading impairments acquired in childhood. Brain Lang. 2000;72:129-149.
20.
Zorzi JL, Hage SRV.PROC: Protocolo de Observação Comportamental. São José dos Campos, Brazil: Pulso; 2004.
21.
Marchman V. , Miller R., Bates E.Babble and first words in children with focal brain injury. Appl Psycholinguist. 1991;12:1-22.
22.
Thal DJ, Marchman V., Stiles J., et al. Early lexical development in children with focal brain injury . Brain Lang. 1991;40: 491-527.
23.
Reilly JS, Bates E., Marchman VANarrative discourse in children with early focal brain injury. Brain Lang. 1998;61:335-375.
24.
Vicari S., Albertoni A., Chilosi AM, et al. Plasticity and reorganization during language development in children with early brain injury. Cortex. 2000;36:31-36.
25.
Bottari P., Cipriani P., Chilosi AM, Pfanner L.The Italian determiner system in normal acquisition, specific language impairment, and childhood aphasia. Brain Lang. 2001;77:283-293.
26.
Stiles J., Reilly J., Paul B., Moses P.Cognitive development following early brain injury: evidence for neural adaptation . Trends Cogn Sci. 2005;9:136-143.
27.
Chilosi AM, Cipriani P., Pecini C., et al. Acquired focal brain lesions in childhood: effects on development and reorganization of language. Brain Lang. 2008;106(3):211-225.
28.
Cranberg LD , Filley CM, Hart EJ, Alexander MPAcquired aphasia in childhood: clinical and CT investigation. Neurology. 1987; 37:1165-1172.
29.
Guimarães IE, Ciasca SM, Moura-Ribeiro MVCerebrovascular disease in childhood: neuropsychological investigation of 14 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2007;65:41-47.
30.
Truscelli D.[Problemas particulares de aprendizaje en las diferents formas de paralisis cerebral: estúdio diferencial de la intervencion logopedica]. Rev Logop Fonol Audio. 1996;16:129-137.
31.
Chilosi AM, Pecini C., Cipriani P., et al. Atypical language lateralization and linguistic development in children with focal brain lesions. Dev Med Child Neurol . 2005;47:725-730.
32.
Nass R.Language development in children with congenital strokes. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1997;4:109-116.
33.
Vargha-Khadem F., O’Gorman AM, Watters GVAphasia and handedness in relation to hemispheric side, age at injury and severity of cerebral lesion during childhood. Brain. 1985;108: 677-696.
34.
Chilosi AM, Cipriani P., Bertuccelli B., Pfanner L., Cioni G.Early cognitive and communication development in children with focal brain lesions. J Child Neurol. 2001;16:309-316.
35.
Reilly J., Losh M., Bellugi U., Wulfeck B.‘‘Frog, where are you?’’ Narratives in children with specific language impairment, early focal brain injury, and Williams syndrome . Brain Lang. 2004; 88:229-247.
36.
Chevrie-Muller CLSpecialization of the cerebral hemispheres and language disorders in children. ANAE. 1990;2:15-19.
37.
Isaacs E., Christie D., Vargha-Khadem F., Mishkin M.Effects of hemispheric side of injury, age at injury, and presence of seizure disorder on functional ear and hand asymmetries in hemiplegic children . Neuropsychologia. 1996;34:127-137.
38.
Kempermann G., Kuhn HG, Gage FHExperience-induced neuro-genesis in the senescent dentate gyrus. J Neurosci. 1998;18: 3206-3212.
39.
Claeys V., Deonna T., Chrzanowski R.Congenital hemiparesis: the spectrum of lesion. A clinical and computerized tomographic study of 37 cases. Helv Paediatric Acta. 1983;88:439-455.
