Two maternal-fetal case presentations illustrate the possible association of active maternal ulcerative colitis during pregnancy and fetal brain injury resulting in long-term neurological sequelae. Thromboembolic complications may occur in the fetus based on similar mechanisms for stroke in children and adults with active inflammatory bowel disease. Identification of thrombophilia in the pregnant woman with active ulcerative colitis may better explain a pathophysiologic mechanism for long-term neurological morbidity in offspring.
Munkholm P.Pregnancy, fertility, and disease course in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Eur J Intern Med.2000;11:215-221.
2.
Kornfeld D., Cnattingius S., Ekbom A.Pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol.1997;177:942-946.
3.
Dozois EJ, Wolff BG, Tremaine WJ, et al. Maternal and fetal outcome after colectomy for fulminant ulcerative colitis during pregnancy: case series and literature review. Dis Colon Rectum.2006;49:64-73.
4.
Dominitz JA, Young JC, Boyko EJOutcomes of infants born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol.2002;97:641-648.
5.
Moskovitz DN , Bodian C., Chapman ML, et al. The effect on the fetus of medications used to treat pregnant inflammatory bowel-disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol.2004;99:656-661.
6.
Norgard B., Fonager K., Sorensen HT, Olsen J.Birth outcomes of women with ulcerative colitis: a nationwide Danish cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol.2000;95:3165-3170.
Norgard B., Puho E., Pedersen L., et al. Risk of congenital abnormalities in children born to women with ulcerative colitis: a population-based, case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol.2003;98:2006-2010.
9.
Talbot RW, Walker RC, Beart RW Jr.Changing epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridium di ficile toxin-associated colitis. Br J Surg.1986;73:457-460.
10.
Webberley MJ , Hart MT, Melikian V.Thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: role of platelets. Gut. 1993;34:247-251.
11.
Collins CE, Rampton DS, Rogers J., Williams NSPlatelet aggregation and neutrophil sequestration in the mesenteric circulation in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol.1997;9:1213-1217.
12.
Jackson LM, O'Gorman PJ, O'Connell J., et al. Thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical setting, procoagulant profile and factor V Leiden. QJMed.1997;90:183-188.
13.
Talbot RW, Heppell J., Dozois RR, Beart RW Jr.Vascular complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Mayo Clin Proc.1986;61:140-145.
Koutroubakis IE, Petinaki E., Anagnostopoulou E., et al. Anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci.1998;43:2507-2512.
16.
Koutroubakis IE, Dilaveraki E., Vlachonikolis IG, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greek patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci.2000;45:2347-2351.
17.
Koutroubakis IE, Sfiridaki A., Mouzas IA, et al. Resistance to activated protein C and low levels of free protein S in Greek patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol.2000;95:190-194.
Lamah M., Scott HJInflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002;17:216-222.
20.
Kinney HCHuman myelination and perinatal white matter disorders. J Neurol Sci.2005;228:190-192.
21.
Mayeux R., Fahn S.Strokes and ulcerative colitis. Neurology. 1978;28:571-574.
22.
Schneiderman JH, Sharpe JA, Sutton DMCerebral and retinal vascular complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Neurol.1979;5:331-337.
23.
Novacek G., Miehsler W., Kapiotis S., et al. Thromboembolism and resistance to activated protein C in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol.1999;94:685-690.
24.
Spina L., Saibeni S., Battaglioli T., et al. Thrombosis in inflammatory bowel diseases: role of inherited thrombophilia. Am J Gastroenterol.2005;100:2036-2041.
25.
Chiarantini E., Valanzano R., Liotta AA, et al. Hemostatic abnormalities in inflammatory bowel disease. Thromb Res.1996;82: 137-146.
