Evolution of the Neurosurgical Management of Spasticity

Fritsch G. , Hitzig E. : Uber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns. Arch F Anat Physiol u Wissensch Med 1870;37:300-332.

Horsley V. : Brain surgery. BMJ 1886;2:670-675.

Sherrington CS : Decerebrate rigidity and reflex coordination of movement. J Physiol (Lond) 1898;22:319-337.

Foerster O. : On the indications and the results of the excision of posterior spinal nerve roots in men. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1913;16: 463-673.

Abbe R. : Resection of the posterior roots of spinal nerves to relieve pain, pain reflex, athetosis and spastic paralysis—Dana's operation. Med Rec 1911;79:377-381.

Aring CD , Fulton JF : Relation of the cerebrum to the cerebellum. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1936;35:439-466.

Munro D. : The rehabilitation of patients totally paralyzed below the waist: With special reference to making them ambulatory and earning their living. N Engl J Med 1945;23:453-461.

MacCarty CS : The treatment of spastic paraplegia by selective spinal cordectomy. J Neurosurg 1954;11:539-545.

Bischof W. : Die longitudinale Myelotomie. Zentralbl Neurochir 1951;11:79-88.

Laitinen L. , Singounas E. : Longitudinal myelotomy in the treatment of spasticity of the legs. J Neurosurg 1971;35:536-540.

Gros C. , Ouknine G. , Vlahovitch B. , Frerebeau P. : La raducotomie selective posterieure dans le traitement neuro-chirurgical de l'hypertonie pyramidale. Neurochirurgie 1967;13:505-518.

Fasano VA , Urciuoli R. , Groggi G. , et al: New aspects in the surgical treatment of cerebral palsy. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1977;24: 53-57.

Peacock WJ , Arens LJ : Selective posterior rhizotomy for the relief of spasticity in cerebral palsy . S Afr Med J 1982;62:119-124.

Park TS , Owen JH : Surgical management of spastic diplegia in cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med 1992;326:745-749.

Vaughan CL , Berman B. , Peacock WJ , Eldridge NE : Gait analysis and rhizotomy: Past experience and future considerations, in Neurosurgery: State of the Art Reviews. Philadelphia , Hanley & Belfus, 1989;4:445-458.

Thomas SS , Aiona MD , Pierce R. , Piatt JH : Gait changes in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy . J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:747-752.

Heim RC , Park TS , Vogler GA , et al: Changes in hip migration after selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic quadriplegia in cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg 1995;82:567-571.

Wong W. , Haynes RJ , Stern L. : Selective dorsal rhizotomy: Experience of the children's rehabilitative services . Barrow Neurological Institute Quarterly (BNI Q) 1995;11(1): 14-18.

Steinbok P. : Outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy. Childs Nerv Syst in press.

Steinbok P. , Reiner A. , Beauchamp RD , et al: Selective functional posterior rhizotomy for the treatment of spastic cerebral palsy in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 1992;18:34-42.

Wright FV , Sheil EM , Drake JM , et al: Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998;40:239-247.

McLaughlin JF , Bjornson KF , Astley SJ , et al: The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: Critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:755-769.

McLaughlin JF , Bjornson KF , Astley SJ , et al: Selective dorsal rhizotomy : Efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol 1998;40:220-232.

Penn RD , Kroin JS : Intrathecal baclofen alleviates spinal cord spasticity. Lancet 1984;1:1078.

Albright AL : Intrathecal baclofen in cerebral palsy movement disorders. J Child Neurol 1996;11(Suppl 1):S29-S35.

Cooper IA , Upton AR : Effects of cerebellar stimulation on epilepsy, the EEG and cerebral palsy in man, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1978;349-354.

Cook AW , Wienstein SP : Chronic dorsal column stimulation in multiple sclerosis. Preliminary report . N Y State J Med 1973; 73: 2868-2872.

Mertens P. , Sindou M. : Selective peripheral neurotomies for the treatment of spasticity, in Sindou M , Abbott R , Keravel Y (eds): Neurosurgery for Spasticity: A Multidisciplinary Approach. New York, Springer, 1991, 119-132.