García-Bellido A: The development of concepts on development: A dialogue with Antonio Garcia-Bellido (Interview by EnriqueCerda-Olmedo). Int J Dev Biol1998;42:233-236.
2.
Wolpert L., Beddington R., Brocken J., et al: Principles of Development. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998.
3.
De Robertis EM , Kim S., Leyns L., et al: Patterning by genes expressed in Spemann's organizer. Cold SpringHarb Symp Quant Biol1997;62:169-175.
4.
Patten BM: Early Embryology of the Chick, 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1951.
5.
Spemann H., Mangold H.: Über Induktion von Embryonalanlagen durch Implantation aftfremder Organisatoren . Wilhelm Roux Arch Entwick1924;100:599-638.
6.
Cho Kwy, Blumberg B., Steinbeisser H., De Robertis EM: Molecular nature of Spemann's organizer: The role of the Xenopus homeobox gene goosecoid. Cell1991;67:1111-1120.
7.
Wakamiya M., Rivera-Pérez JA, Baldini A., Behringer RR: Goosecoid and Goosecoid-related genes in mouse embryogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol1997;62:145-149.
8.
Hume CR, Dodd J.: Cwnt-8C: A novel Wnt gene with a potential role in primitive streak formation and hindbrain organization. Development1993 ;119:1147-1160.
9.
Stein S., Kessel M.: A homeobox gene involved in node, notochord and neural plate formation of chick embryos. Mech Dev1995;49: 37-48.
10.
Duprat AM, Gualandris L., Kan P., et al: Review: Neural induction. Arch Anat Microsc Morphol Exp1987;75:211-227.
11.
Tiedemann H. : The molecular mechanism of neural induction: Neural differentiation of Triturus ectoderm exposed to HEPES buffer. Rouxs ArchDev Biol1986;195:399-402.
12.
Fortini ME, Artavanis-Tsakonas S.: Notch: Neurogenesis is only part of the picture. Cell1993;75:1245-1247.
13.
Fontaine-Pérus JC, Chanconie M., Le Douarin NM, et al: Mitogenic effect of muscle on the neuroepithelium of the developing spinal cord. Development1989;107:413-422.
14.
Fontaine-Pérus J.: Migration of crest-derived cells from gut: Gut influences on spinal cord development. Brain Res Bull1993;30:251-255.
15.
Dickson ME, Krumlauf R., McMahon AP: Evidence for a mitogenic effect of Wnt-1 in the developing mammalian central nervous system. Development1994;120:1453-1471.
16.
DiCicco-Bloom E., Black IB: Insulin growth factors regulate the mitotic cycle in cultured rat sympathetic neuroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1988;85:4066-4070.
17.
Tao Y., Black LB, DiCicco-Bloom E: Neurogenesis in neonatal rat brain is regulated by peripheral injection of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). J Comp Neurol1996;376:653-663.
18.
Tao Y., Black IB, DiCicco-Bloom E: In vivo neurogenesis is inhibited by neutralizing antibody to basic fibroblast growth factor. J Neurobiol1997;33:289-296.
19.
Turner DL, Weintraub H.: Expression of achaete-scute homolog 3 in Xenopus embryos converts ectodermal cells to a neural fate. Genes Dev1994;8:1434-1447.
20.
Anderson DJ: A molecular switch for the neuron-glia developmental decision. Neuron1995;15:1219-1222.
21.
Hemmati-Brivantou A., Melton D.: Vertebrate embryonic cells will become nerve cells unless told otherwise. Cell1997;88:13-17.
22.
Tanabe Y., Jessell TM: Diversity and pattern in the developing spinal cord. Science1996;274:1115-1123.
23.
McClure CFW: The segmentation of the primitive vertebrate brain. J Morphol1890;4:35-56.
24.
Keynes R., Lumsden A.: Segmentation and the origin of regional diversity in the vertebrate central nervous system. Neuron1990;2: 1-9.
25.
McGinnis W. , Krumlauf R.: Homeobox genes and axial patterning . Cell1992;68:283-302.
26.
Keynes R., Krumlauf R.: Hox genes and regionalization of the nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci1994;17:109-132.
27.
Guthrie S.: Patterning the hindbrain. Curr Opin Neurobiol1996;6: 41-48.
28.
Wassef M., Joyner AL: Early mesencephalon/metencephalon patterning and development of the cerebellum . Perspect Dev Neurobiol1997;5:3-16.
29.
Goldowitz D. , Hamre K.: The cells and molecules that make a cerebellum . Trends Neurosci1998;21:375-382.
30.
Figdor MC, Stem CD: Segmental organization of embryonic diencephalon. Nature1993;363:630-634.
31.
Rubenstein Jlr, Shimamura K., Martinez S.: Regionalization of the prosencephalic neural plate. Annu Rev Neurosci1998;21: 445-477.
32.
Rubenstein Jlr, Beachy PA: Patterning of the embryonic forebrain . Curr Opin Neurobiol1998;8:18-26.
33.
Mai JK, Andrressen C., Ashwell Kws: Demarcation of prosencephalic regions by CD15-positive radial glia . Eur J Neurosci1998;10:746-751.
34.
Guthrie S., Butcher M., Lumsden A.: Patterns of cell division and interkinetic nuclear migration in the chick embryo hindbrain. J Neurobiol1991;22:742-754.
35.
Joyner AL: Engrailed, Wnt and Pax genes regulate midbrain-hindbrain development . Trends Genet1996;12:15-20.
36.
Wassarman KM , Lewandoski M., Campbell K., et al: Specification of the anterior hindbrain organizer is dependent on Gbx2 gene function. Development1997;124:2923-2934.
37.
Nomes HO, Dressler GR, Knapik EW, et al: Spatially and temporally restricted expression of Pax-2 during neurogenesis. Development1990;109:797-809.
38.
Puschel AW, Westerfeld M., Dressler G.: Comparative analysis of Pax-2 protein distributions during neurulation in mice and zebrafish. Mech Dev1992;38:197-208.
39.
Rowitch DH, McMahon AP: Pax-2 expression in the murine neural plate precedes and encompasses the expression domains of Wnt-1 and En-1. Mech Dev1995;52:3-8.
40.
Rowitch DH, Danielian PS, Lee Smk, et al: Cell interactions in patterning the mammalian midbrain. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol1997;62:535-544.
41.
Wurst W., Auerback AB, Joyner AL: Multiple developmental defects in Engrailed-1 mutant mice: An early mid-hindbrain deletion and patterning defects in forelimbs and sternum. Development1994; 120:2065-2075.
42.
McMahon AP, Joyner AL, Bradley A., McMahon JA: The midbrain-hindbrain phenotype of Wnt-1-/Wnt-1- mice results from stepwise deletion of engrailed-expressing cells by 9.5 days postcoitum. Cell1992;69:581-595.
43.
Millen KJ, Hui C-C., Joyner AL: A role for En-2 and other murine homologues of Drosophila segment polarity genes in regulating position information in the developing cerebellum . Development1995; 121:3935-3945.
44.
Kuemerle B. , Zanjani H., Joyner A., Herrup K.: Pattern deformities and cell loss in Engrailed-2 mutant mice suggest two separate patterning events during cerebellar development . JNeurosci1997;17: 7881-7889.
45.
Rhinn M., Dierich A., Shawlot W., et al: Sequential roles for Otx2 in visceral endoderm and neuroectoderm for forebrain and midbrain induction and specification. Development1989;125:845-856.
46.
Acampora D. , Simeone A.: Understanding the roles of Otx1 and Otx2 in the control of brain morphogenesis. Trends Neurosci1999;22: 116-122.
47.
Ryan AK, Blumberg B., Rodriguez-Estaban C., et al: Pitx2 determines left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates. Nature1998;394:545-551.
48.
De Pomerai D. : From Gene to Animal: An Introduction of the Molecular Biology of Animal Development, 2nd ed. Cambridge , UK, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
49.
El-Baradi T. , Pieler T.: Zinc finger proteins: What we know and what we would like to know. Mech Dev1991;35:155-169.
50.
Schneider-Maunoury S., Topilko P., Seitanidou T., et al: Disruption of Krox-20 results in alteration of rhombomeres 3 and 5 in the developing hindbrain . Cell1993;75:1199-1214.
51.
Topilko P., Schneider-Maunoury S., Levi G., et al: Krox-20 controls myelination in the peripheral nervous system . Nature1994;371: 796-799.
52.
Nieto MA, Sechrist J., Wilkinson DG, Bronner-Fraser M.: Relationship between spatially restricted Krox-20 gene expression in branchial neural crest and segmentation in the chick embryo hindbrain. EMBO J1995;14:1697-1710.
53.
Wilkinson DG , Krumlauf R.: Molecular approaches to the segmentation of the hindbrain. Trends Neurosci1990;13:335-339.
54.
Morriss-Kay GM, Murphy P., Hill RE, Davidson DR: Effects of retinoic acid excess on expression of Hox-2.9 and Krox-20 and on morphological segmentation in the hindbrain of mouse embryos. EMBO J1991;10:2985-2995.
55.
Nonchev S., Maconochie M., Vesque C., et al: The conserved role of Krox-20 in directing Hox gene expression during vertebrate hindbrain segmentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1996;93:9339-9345.
56.
Cook M., Gould A., Brand N., et al: Expression of the zinc-finger gene PLZF at rhombomere boundaries in the vertebrate hindbrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1995;92:2249-2253.
57.
Ingraham HA , Chen RP, Mangalam HJ, et al: A tissue-specific transcription factor containing a homeodomain specifies a pituitary phenotype. Cell1988;55:519-529.
Doniach T.: Basic FGF as an inducer of anteroposterior neural pattern. Cell1995;83:1067-1070.
60.
Brand-Saberi B., Ebensperger C., Wilting J., et al: The ventralizing effect of the notochord on somite differentiation in chick embryos. Anat Embryol1993;188:239-245.
61.
Pourquié O. , Coltey M., Teillet M-A., et al: Control of dorsoventral patterning of somite derivatives by notochord and floor plate . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1993;90:5242-5246.
62.
Martí E., Bumcrot DA, Takada R., McMahon AP: Requirement of 19K form of Sonic hedgehog for induction of distinct ventral cell types in CNS explants. Nature1995;375:322-325.
63.
Roelink H., Porter JA, Chiang C., et al: Floor plate and motor neuron induction by different concentrations of the amino-terminal cleavage product of Sonic hedgehog autoproteolysis. Cell1995;81: 445-455.
Goulding M.: Specifying motor neurons and their connections. Neuron1998;21:943-946.
66.
van Straaten Hwm, Hekking Jwm, Wiertz-Hoessels EJLM, et al: Effect of the notochord on the differentiation of the floor plate area in the neural tube of the chick embryo. Anat Embryol1988; 177:317-324.
67.
Sarnat HB: Cerebral Dysgenesis. Embryology and Clinical Expression. New York, Oxford University Press, 1992.
68.
Ericson J., Muhr J., Placzek M., et al: Sonic hedgehog induces the differentiation of ventral forebrain neurons: A common signal for ventral patterning within the neural tube. Cell1995;81:747-756.
69.
Roessler E. , Belloni E., Gaudenz K., et al: Mutations in the human Sonic hedgehog gene cause holoprosencephaly. Nat Genet1996 ; 14:357-360.
70.
Callaerts P. , Halder G., Gehring WJ: Pax-6 in development and evolution. Annu Rev Neurosci1997;20:483-532.
71.
Stoykova A. , Gruss P.: Roles for Pax genes in developing and adult brain as suggested by expression patterns. J Neurosci1994;14: 1395-1412.
72.
Saint-Jeannet J-P., He X., Varmus HE, Dawid IB: Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1997;94:13713-13718.
73.
Keynes R., Krumlauf R.: Hox genes and regionalization of the nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci1994;17:109-132.
74.
Murphy P., Hill RE: Expression of the mouse labial-like homeobox-containing genes, Hox-2.9 and Hox-1.6, during segmentation of the hindbrain. Development1991;111:61-74.
75.
Boncinelli E., Somma R., Acampora D., et al: Organization of human homeobox genes . Hum Reprod1988;3:880-886.
76.
Capecchi MR : Hox genes and mammalian development. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol1997;62:273-281.
77.
Stern CD, Foley AC: Molecular dissection of Hox gene induction and maintenance in the hindbrain . Cell1998;94:143-145.
78.
Kessel M.: Reversal of axonal pathways from rhombomere 3 correlates with extra Hox expression domains. Neuron1993;10: 379-393.
79.
Millen KJ, Wurst W., Herrup K., Joyner AL: Abnormal embryonic cerebellar development and patterning of postnatal foliation in two mouse Engrailed-2 mutants. Development1994;120:695-706.
80.
Mastick GS, Fan C-M., Tessier-Lavigne M., et al: Early deletion of neuromeres in Wnt-1-/- mutant mice: Evaluation by morphological and molecular markers. J Comp Neurol1996;374:246-258.
81.
Zec N., Rowitch DH, Bitgood MJ, Kinney HC: Expression of the homeobox-containing genes EN 1 and EN2 in human fetal midgestational medulla and cerebellum. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol1997; 56:236-242.
82.
Wagner M., Thaller C., Jessell T., et al: Polarizing activity and retinoid synthesis in the floor plate of the neural tube. Nature1990; 345:819-822.
83.
Ruberte E., Dolle P., Chambon P., et al: Retinoid acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins. II. Their differential pattern of transcription during early morphogenesis in mouse. Development1991;111:45-60.
84.
Summerbell D., Maden M.: Retinoic acid, a developmental signaling molecule. Trends Neurosci1990;13:142-147.
85.
Momoi M., Yamagata T., Ichihashi K., et al: Expression of cellular retinoic-acid binding protein in the developing nervous system of mouse embryos. Dev Brain Res1990;54:161-167.
86.
Thaller C., Eichele G.: Isolation of 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid, a novel morphogenetic signal in the chick wing bud. Nature1990;345: 815-819.
87.
Brockes J.: Reading the retinoid signals. Nature1990;345:766-768.
88.
Kikuchi Y., Segawa H., Tokumoto M., et al: Ocular and cerebellar defects in zebrafish induced by overexpression of the LIM domains of the Islet-3 LIM/homeodomain protein. Neuron1997;18:369-382.
89.
Porter FD, Drago J., Xu Y., et al: Lhx2, a LIM homeobox gene, is required for eye, forebrain, and definitive erythrocyte development. Development1997;124:2935-2944.
90.
Durston AJ, Timmermans Jpm, Hage WJ, et al: Retinoic acid causes an anteroposterior transformation in the developing central nervous system. Nature1989;340:140-144.
91.
Marín-Padilla M., Marin-Padilla MT: Morphogenesis of experimentally induced Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Neurol Sci1981;50:29-55.
92.
Marin-Padilla M.: Embryology and pathology of the axial skeleton and neural dysraphic disorders. Can J Neurol Sci1991;18:153-169.
93.
Alles AJ, Sulik KK: Retinoic acid-induced spina bifida: Evidence for a pathogenetic mechanism . Development1990;108:73-81.
94.
Wohl CA, Weiss S.: Retinoic acid enhances neuronal proliferation and astroglial differentiation in cultures of CNS stem cell-derived precursors. J Neurobiol1998;37:281-290.
95.
Meyers EN, Lewandoski M., Martin GR: An Fgf8 mutant allelic series generated by Cre- and Flp-mediated recombination . Nat Genet1998;18:136-141.
96.
Price M., Lazzaro D., Pohl T., et al: Regional expression of the homeobox gene Nkx-2.2 in the developing mammalian forebrain. Neuron1992;8:241-255.
97.
Qiu M., Shimamuira K., Sussel L., et al: Control of anteroposterior and dorsoventral domains of Nkx-6.1 gene expression relative to other Nkx genes during vertebrate CNS development . Mech Dev1998;72:77-88.
98.
Dorsky RI, Moon RT, Raible DW: Control of neural crest cell fate by the Wnt signaling pathway. Nature1998;396:370-373.
99.
Condron BG, Patel NH, Zinn K.: Engrailed controls glial/neuronal cell fate decisions at the midline of the central nervous system. Neuron1994 ;13:541-554.
100.
Shah NM, Marchionni MA, Isaacs I., et al: Glial growth factor restricts mammalian neural crest stem cells to a glial fate. Cell1994; 77:349-360.
101.
Urbánek P. , Fetka I., Meisler MH, Busslinger M.: Cooperation of Pax2 and Pax5 in midbrain and cerebellum development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A1997;94:5703-5708.
102.
Kikuchi Y. , Segawa H., Tokumoto M., et al: Ocular and cerebellar defects in zebrafish induced by overexpression of the LIM domains of the Islet-3 LIM/homeodomain protein. Neuron1997;18:369-382.
103.
Salinas PC , Fletcher C., Copeland NG, et al: Maintenance of Wnt-3 expression in Purkinje cells of the mouse cerebellum depends on interaction with granule cells. Development1994;120:1277-1286.
104.
Lange W.: Regional differences in the cytoarchitecture of the cerebellar cortex , in Palay SL, Chan-Palay V (eds): The Cerebellum: New Vistas. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1982, pp 93-107.
105.
Korbo L., Andersen BB, Ladefoged O., Moller A.: Total numbers of various cell types in rat cerebellar cortex using an unbiased stereological method. Brain Res1993;609:262-268.
106.
Goodrich LV , Mienkovié L., Higgins KM, Scott MP: Altered neural cell fates and medulloblastoma in mouse patched mutants. Science1997;277:1109-1113.
107.
Traiffort E., Charaytoniuk DA, Faure H., Ruat M.: Regional distribution of Sonic hedgehog, Patched and Smoothened mRNA in the adult rat brain. J Neurochem1998;70:1327-1330.
108.
Wechsler-Reya, Scott MP: Control of neuronal precursor proliferation in the cerebellum by Sonic hedgehog. Neuron1999;22: 103-114.
109.
Walter M., Reifenberger J., Summer C., et al: Mutations in the human homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity gene patched (PTCH) in sporadic basal cell carcinomas of the skin and primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer Res1997;57:2581-2585.
110.
Smith JL, Schoenwolf GC: Neurulation: Coming to closure. Trends Neurosci1997;20:510-517.
111.
Schoenwolf GC , Smith JL: Mechanisms of neurulation: Traditional viewpoint and recent advances. Development1990;109: 243-270.
112.
Alvarez I., Schoenwolf GC: Expansion of surface epithelium provides the major extrinsic force for bending of the neural plate. J Exp Zool1992;261:340-348.
113.
Jacobson AG: Experimental analysis of the shaping of the neural plate and tube . Am Zool1991;31:628-643.
114.
Schoenwolf GC, Franks MV: Quantitative analyses of changes in cell shapes during bending of the avial neural plate. Dev Biol1984;105:257-272.
115.
Smith J., Schoenwolf GC: Notochordal induction of cell wedging in the chick neural plate and its role in neural tube formation. J Exp Zool1989;25:49-62.
116.
Sarnat HB: Role of the human fetal ependyma. Pediatr Neurol1992; 8:163-178.
117.
Aaku-Saraste E., Oback B., Hellwig A., Huttner WB: Neuroepithelial cells downregulate their plasma membrane polarity prior to neural tube closure and neurogenesis. Mech Dev1997;69:71-81.
118.
Sausedo RA , Smith JL, Schoenwolf GC: Role of randomly oriented cell division in shaping and bending of the neural plate. J Comp Neurol1997;381:473-488.
119.
Juriloff DM , Harris JM, Tom C., et al: Normal mouse strains differ in the site of initiation of closure of the cranial neural tube. Teratology1991;44:225-233.
120.
Golden JA, Chernoff GF: Intermittent pattern of neural tube closure in two strains of mice . Teratology1993;47:73-80.
121.
Busam KJ, Roberts DJ, Golden JA: Clinical teratology counseling and consultation. Case report: Two distinct anterior neural tube defects in a human fetus: Evidence for an intermittent pattern of neural tube closure. Teratology1993;48:399-403.
122.
O'Rahilly R., Müller F.: Bidirectional closure of the rostral neuro-pore in the human embryo. Am J Anat1989;184:259-268.
123.
Lemire RJ: Variations in development of the caudal neural tube in human embryos (Horizaons XIV-XXI). Teratology1969;2:361-370.
124.
Papan C., Campos-Ortega JA: On the formation of the neural keel and neural tube in the zebrafish Danio (Brachydanio) rerio. Rouxs Arch Dev BioL1994;203:178-186.
125.
Dao AH, Netsky MG: Human tails and pseudotails. Hum Pathol1984 ;15:449-453.
126.
Lu FL, Wang P-J., Teng R-J., Yau K-IT: The human tail. Pediatr Neurol1998 ;19:230-233.
127.
James HE, Canty TG: Human tail and associated spinal anomalies. Clin Pediatr1995;34:386-388.
128.
Aruga J., Yokota N., Hashimoto M., et al: A novel zinc finger protein, Zic, is involved in neuronogenesis, especially in the cell lineage of cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem1994;63:1880-1890.
129.
Aruga J., Minowa O., Yaginuma H., et al: Mouse Zic1 is involved in cerebellar development. J Neurosci1998;18:284-293.
130.
Ben-Arie N. , Bellen HJ, Armstrong DL, et al: Math1 is essential for genesis of cerebellar granule neurons. Nature1997;390:169-172.
131.
Ericson J. , Briscoe J., Rashbass P., et al: Graded Sonic hedgehog signaling and the specification of cell fate in the ventral neural tube. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol1997 ;62:451-466.
132.
Fritzsch B. , Nichols DH, Echelard Y., McMahon AP: Development of midbrain and anterior hindbrain ocular motoneurons in normal and Wnt-1 knockout mice. J Neurobiol1995;27:457-469.
133.
Porter JD, Baker RS: Absence of oculomotor and trochlear motorneurons leads to altered extraocular muscle development in the Wnt-1 null mutant mouse. Dev Brain Res1997;100:121-126.
134.
Tsuchida T. , Ensini M., Morton SB, et al: Topographic organization of embryonic motor neurons defined by expression of LIM homeobox genes. Cell1994;79:957-970.
135.
Appel B., Korzh V., Glasgow E., et al: Motoneuron fate specification revealed by patterned LIM homeobox gene expression in embryonic zebrafish. Development1995;121:4117-4125.
136.
Pfaff SL, Mendelsohn M., Stewart CL, et al: Requirement of LIM homeobox gene Is/1 in motor neuron generation reveals a motor neuron-dependent step in interneuron differentiation. Cell1996;84: 309-320.
137.
D'Costa AP , Prevette DM, Houenou LJ, et al: Mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor regulation of programmed cell death of developing avian motoneurons . J Neurobiol1998;36:379-394.
138.
Zhao Q., Behringer RR, de Crombrugghe B:Prenatal folic acid treatment suppresses acrania and meroanencephaly in mice mutant for the Cart1 homeobox gene. Nat Genet1996;13:275-283.
139.
Glinka A., Wu W., Delius H., et al: Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction. Nature1998 ;391:357-362.
140.
Anderson SA , Eisenstat DD, Shi L., Rubenstein Jlr: Interneuron migration from basal forebrain to neocortex: Dependence on Dix genes. Science1997;278:474-476.
141.
Rice DS, Sheldon M., D'Arcangelo G., et al: Disabled-1 acts downstream of Reelin in a signaling pathway that controls laminar organization in the mammalian brain. Development1998;125: 3719-3729.
142.
Gleeson JG , Allen KM, Fox JW, et al: Doublecortin, a brain-specific gene mutated in human X-linked lissencephaly and double cortex syndrome, encodes a putative signaling protein. Cell1998; 92:63-72.
143.
des Portes V., Pinard JM, Billuart P., et al: A novel CNS gene required for neuronal migration and involved in X-linked subcortical laminar heterotopia and lissencephaly syndrome. Cell1998;92:51-61.
144.
Gleeson JG , Minnerath SR, Fox JW, et al: Characterization of mutations in the gene doublecortin in patients with double cortex syndrome . Ann Neurol1999;45:146-153.
145.
Faina GT, Cardini FA, D'Incerti L., et al: Familial schizencephaly associated with EMX2 mutation. Neurology1997;48:1403-1406.
146.
Eksioglu YZ , Scheffer IE, Cardena P., et al: Periventricular heterotopia: An X-linked dominant epilepsy locus causing aberrant cerebral cortical development. Neuron1996;16:77-87.
147.
Fox JW, Lamperti ED, Eksioglu YZ, et al: Mutations in filamin 1 prevent migration of cerebral cortical neurons in human periventricular heterotopia. Neuron1998;21:1315-1325.
148.
Alvarez-Bolado G., Cecconi F., Wehr R., Gruss P.: The fork head transcription factor Fkh5/Mf3 is a developmental marker gene for superior colliculus layers and derivatives of the hindbrain somatic afferent zone. Dev Brain Res1999;112:205-215.
149.
Sasaki H., Hogan Blm: HNF-3β as a regulator of floor plate development. Cell1994;76:103-115.
150.
Jouet M., Kenwrick S.: Gene analysis of L1 neural cell adhesion molecule in prenatal diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Lancet1995;345: 161-162.
151.
Tsuru A., Mizuguchi M., Uyemura K., et al: Immunohistochemical expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 in hemimegalencephaly. Pediatr Neurol1997 ;16:45-49.
152.
Clark DC, Mizuguchi M., Antalffy B., et al: Predominant localization of the LIS family of gene products to Cajal-Retzius cells and ventricular neuroepithelium in the developing human cortex. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol1997;56:1044-1052.
153.
Dobyns WB, Reiner O., Carrozzo R., Ledbetter DH: Lissencephaly: A human brain malformation associated with deletion of the LIS1 gene located at chromosome 17p13. JAMA1993;270:2838-2842.
154.
Lo Nigro C, Chong SS, Smith Acm, et al: Point mutations and an intragenic deletion in LIS1, the lissencephaly causative gene in isolated lissencephaly sequence and Miller-Dieker syndrome. Hum Mol Genet1997;6:157-164.
155.
Chong SS, Pack SD, Roschke AV, et al: A revision of the lissencephaly and Miller-Dieker syndrome critical regions in chromosome 17p13.3. Hum Mol Genet1997;6:147-155.
156.
Casarosa S., Fode C., Guillemot F:Mash1 regulates neurogenesis in the ventral telencephalon. Development1999;126:525-534.
157.
Brown NL, Kanekar S., Vetter ML, et al: Math5 encodes a murine basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed during early stages of retinal neurogenesis. DeveLopment1998;125:4621-4633.
158.
Tanabe Y., William C., Jessell TM: Specification of motor neuron identity by the MNR2 homeodomain protein . Cell1998;95:67-80.
159.
Lee JE, Hollenberg SM, Snider I., et al: Conversion of Xenopus ectoderm into neurons by NeuroD, a basic helix-loop-helix protein. Science1995;268:836-844.
160.
Yokoyama M. , Nishi Y., Miyamoto Y., et al: Molecular cloning of a human neuroD from a neuroblastoma cell line specifically expressed in the fetal brain and adult cerebellum. Brain Res Mol Brain Res1996;42:135-139.
161.
Lee JE: NeuroD and neurogenesis. Dev Neurosci1997 ;19:27-32.
162.
Katayama M. , Mizuta I., Sakayama Y., et al: Differential expression of neuroD in primary cultures of cerebral cortical neurons. Exp Cell Res1997;236:412-417.
163.
Morrow EM, Furukawa T., Lee JE, Cepko CL:NeuroD regulates multiple functions in the developing neural retina in rodent . Development1998;126:23-36.
164.
Yan RT, Wang SZ: NeuroD induces photoreceptor cell overproduction in vivo and de novo generation in vitro. J Neurobiol1998; 15:485-496.
165.
Yamimi R., Steingrimsson E., Copeland NG, et al: The NEUROD gene maps to human chromosome 2q32 and mouse chromosome 2. Genomics1996;34:418-421.
166.
Yamimi RM, Steingrimsson E., Montgomery-Dyer K., et al: NEUROD2 and NEUROD3 genes map to human chromosomes 17q12 and 5q23-q31 and mouse chromosomes 11 and 13, respectively. Genomics1997;40:355-357.
167.
Ma Q., Kinter C., Anderson DJ: Identification of neurogenin, a vertebrate neuronal determination gene. Cell1996;87:43-52.
168.
Sommer I., Ma Q., Anderson DJ: Neurogenins, a novel family of atonal-related bHLH transcription factors, are putative mammalian neuronal determination genes that reveal progenitor cell heterogeneity in the developing CNS and PNS. Mol Cell Neurosci1996;8:221-241.
169.
Ma Q., Chen Z., del Barco Barrantes I., et al: Neurogenin1 is essential for the determination of neuronal precursors for proximal cranial sensory ganglia. Neuron1998;20:469-482.
170.
Zhong W., Jiang M-M., Weinmaster G., et al: Differential expression of mammalian Numb, Numblike and Notch1 suggests distinct roles during mouse cortical neurogenesis. DeveLopment1997;124: 1887-1897.
171.
McMahon JA , Takada S., Zimmerman LB, et al: Noggin-mediated antagonism of BMP signaling is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite . Genes Dev1998;12:1438-1452.
172.
Chenn A., McConnell SK: Cleavage orientation and the asymmetric inheritance of Notch1 immunoreactivity in mammalian neurogenesis. Cell1995;82:631-641.
173.
Zhong W., Feder JN, Jiang M-M., et al: Asymmetrical localization of a mammalian numb homolog during mouse cortical neuronogenesis. Neuron1996 ;17:43-53.
174.
Goodrich LV , Scott MP: Hedgehog and Patched in neural development . Neuron1998;21:1243-1257.
175.
Ogawa M., Miyata T., Nakajima K., et al: The reeler gene-associated antigen on Cajal-Retzius neurons is a crucial molecule for laminar organization of cortical neurons. Neuron1995;14:899-912.
176.
Curran T., D'Arcangelo G.: Role of reelin in the control of brain development. Brain Res Rev1998;26:285-294.
177.
Hirotsune S., Takahara T., Sasaki N., et al: The reeler gene encodes a protein with an EGF-like motif expressed by pioneer neurons. Nat Genet1995;10:77-83.
178.
Jeh-Ping L. , Jessell TM:A role for rhoB in the delamination of neural crest cells from the dorsal neural tube. Development1998;125: 5055-5067.
179.
Lefebvre S. , Burglen L., Reboullet S., et al: Identification and characterization of a spinal muscular atrophy determining gene. Cell1995;80:155-165.
180.
Roy N., Mahadevan MS, McLean M., et al: The gene for neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein is partially deleted in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy. Cell1995;80:167-178.
181.
Menchine M. , Emeline JK, Mischel PS, et al: Tissue and cell-type specific expression of the tuberous sclerosis gene, TSC2, in human tissues . Mod Pathol1996;9:1071-1080.
182.
Wienecke R. , Maize Jr JC, Reed JA, et al: Expression of the TSC2 product tuberin and its target Rap1 in normal human tissues. Am J Pathol1997;150:43-50.
183.
van Slegtenhorst M., de Hoogt R., Hermans C., et al: Identification of the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 on chromosome 9q34. Science1997 ;277:805-808.
184.
Ali JB, Sepp T., Ward S., et al: Mutations in the TSC 1 gene account for a minority of patients with tuberous sclerosis. J Med Genet1998;35:969-972.
185.
Au KS, Rodriguez JA, Finch JL, et al: Germ-line mutational analy sis of the TSC2 gene in 90 tuberous sclerosis patients. Am J Hum Genet1998;62:286-294.
186.
Kwiatkowska J., Jozwiak S., Hall F., et al: Comprehensive mutational analysis of the TSC1 gene: Observations on frequency of mutation, associated features, and non-penetrance. Ann Hum Genet1998;18: 9365-9375.
187.
Chen Z-F., Behringer RR: Twist is required in head mesenchyme for cranial neural tube morphogenesis . Genes Dev1995;9:686-699.
188.
Minturn JE , Fryer Hjl, Geschwing DH, et al: TOAD-64, a gene expressed early in neuronal differentiation in the rat, is related to unc-33, a C. elegans gene involved in axon outgrowth. J Neurosci1995 ;15:6757-6766.