The Treatment of Suffering When Patients Request Elective Death

Wanzer SH , Federman DD , Adelstein SJ , The physician's responsibility toward hopelessly ill patients — a second look. N Engl J Med 1989; 120: 844–849.

Angell M. The quality of mercy. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 98–99.

Levin DN , Cleeland CS , Dan R. Public attitudes towards cancer pain. Cancer 1985; 56: 2337–2339.

Breitbart W. Cancer pain and suicide. In: Foley KM , Bonica JJ , Ventafridda V (eds). Second International Congress on Cancer Pain. New York: Raven Press, 1990; 399–412. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, vol. 16.

Coyle N , Adelhardt J , Foley KM , Portenoy RK . Character of terminal illness in the advanced cancer patient: pain and other symptoms during the last four weeks of life. J Pain Sympt Manage 1990; 5: 83–89.

Quill T. Death and Dignity: Making Choices and Taking Charge. Norton: New York, 1992.

Quill TE , Cassel CK , Meier DE . Care of the hopelessly ill: proposed criteria for physician-assisted suicide. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(19): 1380–1383.

Smith G. Recognizing personhood and the right to die with dignity. J Palliat Care 1990; 6(2): 24–32.

Brody H. Assisted death — compassionate response to medical failure. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(19): 1384–1388.

Brescia FJ . Killing the known dying: notes of a death watcher. J Pain Sympt Manage 1991; 6(5): 336–339.

Foley KM . The relationship of pain and symptom management to patient requests for physician-assisted suicide. J Pain Sympt Manage 1991; 6(5): 289–297.

Latimer EJ . Euthanasia: a physician's reflections. J Pain Sympt Manage 1991; 6(8): 487–491.

Roy DJ . Relief of suffering: the doctor's mandate. J Palliat Care 1991; 7(4): 3–4.

Cundiff D. Euthanasia is Not The Answer: A Hospice Physician's View of the “Death With Dignity” Debate. Totowa: Humana Press, 1992.

Twycross RG . Assisted death: a reply. Lancet 1990; 336: 796–798.

Saunders C (ed). Hospice and Palliative Care: an Interdisciplinary Approach. London: Edward Arnold, 1990.

Pollard B , Winton R. Why doctors and nurses must not kill patients. Med J Aust 1993; 158(6): 426–429.

Conolly ME . Alternative to euthanasia: pain management. Issues Law Med 1989; 4(4): 497–507.

Wilkinson J. The ethics of euthanasia. Palliat Med 1990; 4: 81–86.

Feinberg J. Rights: I. Systematic analysis. In: Reich WT (ed). Encyclopedia of Bioethics. New York: Macmillan, 1978; 1507–1511.

Macklin R. Rights: II. Rights in bioethics. In: Reich WT (ed). Encyclopedia of Bioethics. New York: Macmillan, 1978; 1511–1516.

Pollard BJ . Dying: rights and responsibilities. Med J Aust 1988; 149(3): 147–149.

Roy D. When the dying demand death. J Palliat Care 1993; 9(4): 3–4.

Latimer EJ . Ethical challenges in cancer care. J Palliat Care 1992; 8(1): 65–70.

Latimer EJ . Ethical decision-making in the care of the dying and its applications to clinical practice. J Pain Sympt Manage 1991; 6: 329–336.

Latimer EJ . Caring for seriously ill and dying patients: the philosophy and ethics. Can Med Assoc J 1991; 144(7): 859–864.

Coyle N. The euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide debate: issues for nursing. Oncol Nurs Forum 1992; 19(7 suppl): 41–46.

Cassem NH . Treatment decisions in irreversible illness. In: Cassem NH (ed). Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of General Hospital Psychiatry. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1991: 618–639.

Brahams D. Euthanasia in The Netherlands. Lancet 1990; 335(8689): 591–592.

Dickey NW . Euthanasia: a concept whose time has come? Issues Law Med 1993; 8(4): 521–532.

Doerflinger R. Mercy, murder, and morality: perspectives on euthanasia. Assisted suicide: pro-choice or anti-life? Hastings Cent Rep 1989; 19(1): 16–19.

Engelhardt HJ . Mercy, murder, and morality: perspectives on euthanasia. Fashioning an ethic for life and death in a post-modern society. Hastings Cent Rep 1989; 19(1): 7–9.

Kurtz P. The case for euthanasia: a humanistic perspective. Issues Law Med 1992; 8(3): 309–316.

Miller FG . Is active killing of patients always wrong? J Clin Ethics 1991; 2(2): 130–132.

Quill TE . Death and dignity. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 691–694.

Somerville MA . Pain, suffering and ethics. In: 7th World Congress on Pain: Congress Abstracts. Seattle: I.A.S.P. Publications, 1993.

Scanlon C , Fleming C. Ethical issues in caring for the patient with advanced cancer. Nurs Clin North Am 1989; 24(4): 977–986.

Billings JA (ed). Outpatient Management of Advanced Cancer. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1985.

Doyle D , Hanks GW , MacDonald N (eds). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Twycross RG , Lack SA . Therapeutics in Terminal Cancer. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston, 1990.

Walsh TD (ed). Symptom Control. London: Blackwell, 1989.

Woodruff R. Palliative Medicine. Melbourne: Asperula, 1993.

Saunders C , Baines M (eds). Living With Dying: The Management of Terminal Illness. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Cherny NI , Portenoy RK . Cancer pain management: current strategy. Cancer (suppl.) 1993; 72(11): 3393–3415.

Gonzales GR , Elliot KJ , Portenoy RK , Foley KM . The impact of a comprehensive evaluation in the management of cancer pain. Pain 1991; 47: 141–144.

Ventafridda V , Ripamonti C , De Conno F , Tamburini M , Cassileth BR . Symptom prevalence and control during cancer patients’ last days of life. J Palliat Care 1990; 6(3): 7–11.

Greene WR , Davis WH . Titrated intravenous barbiturates in the control of symptoms in patients with terminal cancer. South Med J 1991; 84(3): 332–337.

Truog RD , Berde CB , Mitchell C , Greir HE . Barbiturates in the care of the terminally ill. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(23): 1678–1682.

Enck RE . Drug-induced terminal sedation for symptom control. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1991; 8(5): 3–5.

Roy D. Need they sleep before they die? J Palliat Care 1991; 6(3): 3–4.

Mount B. A final crecendo of pain. J Palliat Care 1990; 6(3): 5–6.

Lichter I , Hunt E. The last 48 hours of life. J Palliat Care 1990; 6(4): 7–15.

President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medical and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Deciding to Forgo Life-Sustaining Treatment: Ethical and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1983.

American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Decisions near the end of life. JAMA 1992; 267: 2229–2233.

American College of Physicians Health and Public Policy Committee. Drug therapy for severe chronic pain in terminal illness. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 870–880.

American Pain Society. Principles of Analgesic Use in the Treatment Acute Pain and Chronic Cancer Pain. A Concise Guide to Medical Practice. 3rd ed. Skokie, Illinois: American Pain Society, 1992.

World Health Organization. Cancer Pain Relief and Palliative Care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990.

American Pain Society Committee of Quality Assurance Standards. American Pain Society quality assurance standards for the relief of acute pain and cancer pain. In: Bond MR , Charlton JE , Woolf CJ (eds). Proceedings of the VIth World Congress on Pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991: 185–190. Pain Research and Clinical Management, vol. 4.

Spross JA , McGuire DB , Schmitt RM . Oncology Nursing Society Position Paper on Cancer Pain. Part I. Oncol Nurs Forum 1990; 17(4): 595–614.

Spross JA , McGuire DB , Schmitt RM . Oncology Nursing Society Position Paper on Cancer Pain. Part II. Oncol Nurs Forum 1990; 17(5): 751–760.

Breitbart W. Suicide in the cancer patient. Oncology 1987; 1: 49–54.

Massie MJ . Depression. In: Holland JC , Rowland JH (eds). Handbook of Psychooncology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; 283–290.

Massie MJ , Holland JC . Depression and the cancer patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51(1): 12–17.

Breitbart W , Passik SD . Psychiatric aspects of palliative care. In: Doyle D , Hanks GW , MacDonald N (eds). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; 609–626.

Doyle D. Have we looked beyond the physical and psychosocial? J Pain Sympt Manage 1992; 7(5): 302–311.

Moberg DO , Brusek PM . Spiritual well-being: a neglected subject in quality of life research. Social Indicators Research 1978; 5: 303–323.

International Work Group For Death and Dying. Assumptions and principles of spiritual care. Death Studies 1990; 14: 75–81.

Speck PW . Spiritual issues in palliative care. In: Doyle D , Hanks GW , MacDonald N (eds). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; 517–525.

Yalom ID . Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, 1980.

Scanlon C. Creating a vision of hope: the challenge of palliative care. Oncol Nurs Forum 1989; 16(4): 491–496.

Schover LR , Montague DK , Schain WS . Sexual problems. In: DeVita VT , Hellman S , Rosenberg SA (eds). Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1993; 2464–2479.

Vachon MLS . Emotional problems in palliative medicine: patient, family and professional. In: Doyle D , Hanks GW , MacDonald N (eds). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; 577–605.

Fishman B. The treatment of suffering in patients with cancer pain: cognitive behavioral approaches. In: Foley KM , Bonica JJ , Ventafridda V (eds). Second International Congress On Cancer Pain. New York: Raven Press, 1990; 301–316. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, vol. 16.

Wilkie DJ , Keefe FJ . Coping strategies of patients with lung cancer-related pain. Clin J Pain 1991; 7(4): 292–299.

Meyerowitz BE , Heinrich RL , Schag CA . Helping patients cope with cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 1989; 3(11): 120–129.

Yalom ID . Meaninglessness and psychotherapy. In: Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, 1980; 461–486.

Greer S , Moorey S , Baruch JD , Adjuvant psychological therapy for patients with cancer: a prospective randomised trial. Br Med J 1992; 304: 675–680.

Greer S , Moorey S , Baruch J. Evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy for clinically referred cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1991; 63(2): 257–260.

Viederman M , Perry S3 . Use of a psychodynamic life narrative in the treatment of depression in the physically ill. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1980; 2(3): 177–185.

Bennett SL , Maas F. The effect of music-based life review on the life satisfaction and ego integrity of elderly people. Br J Occupational Ther 1988; 51(12): 433–436.

O'Callaghan C. Communicating with brain-impaired palliative care patients through music therapy. J Palliat Care 1993; 9(4): 53–55.

Twycross RG , Lichter I. The terminal phase. In: Doyle D , Hanks GW , MacDonald N (eds). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; 651–661.

Twycross RG . Symptom control: the problem areas. Palliat Med 1993; 7(suppl. 1): 1–8.

McNamara P , Minton P , Twycross RG . The use of midazolam in palliative care. Palliat Med 1991; 5:244–249.

Burke AL , Diamond PL , Hulbert J , Yeatman J , Farr EA . Terminal restlessness — its management and the role of midazolam. Med J Aust 1991; 155(7): 485–487.

Coyle N , Loscalzo M , Bailey L. Supportive care for the advanced cancer patient and family. In: Holland JC , Rowland JH (eds). Handbook of Psychooncology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; 598–611.

Stam HJ , Bultz BD , Pittman CA . Psychosocial problems and interventions in a referred sample of cancer patients. Psychosomatic Med 1986; 48: 539–548.

West SR , Harris BJ , Warren A , Wood H , Montgomery B , Belsham V. A retrospective study of persons with cancer in their terminal year. NZ Med J 1986; 99: 197–200.

Schachter S. Quality of life for families in the management of home care patients with advanced cancer. J Palliat Care 1992; 8(3): 61–66.

Lewis FM . The impact of cancer on the family: a critical analysis of the research literature. Patient Education and Counseling 1986; 16: 269–289.

Chochinov H , Holland JC . Bereavement: a special issue in oncology. In: Holland JC , Rowland JH (eds). Handbook of Psychooncology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989; 609–626.

Davies B , Reimer JC , Martens N. Families in supportive care — Part 1: The transition of fading away: The nature of the transition. J Palliat Care 1990; 6(3): 12–20.

Ajemian I. The interdisciplinary team. In: Doyle D , Hanks GW , MacDonald N (eds). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993; 17–28.

Ahles TA , Martin JB . Cancer pain: a multidimensional perspective. Hosp J 1992; 8(1–2): 25–48.

Krech MR , Walsh TD . The role of a palliative care service family conference in the management of the patient with advanced cancer. Palliat Med 1990; 5: 34–39.