Terminal Care and the Continuing Need for Professional Education

AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, opinions 2.18 and 2.19. Chicago, Ill., 1986.

Applebaum P.S. , Lidz C.W. , Meisel A. Informed consent: Legal theory and clinical practice. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1987: 264.

Applebaum P.S. , Lidz C.W. , Meisel A. Informed consent: Legal theory and clinical practice. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1987: 264–5.

Callahan S. The role of emotion in ethical decision making. Hast Cent Rpt, June/July 1988; 18: 9–14.

Caplan A.L. , Callahan D. , Haas J. Ethical and policy issues in rehabilitative medicine. Hast Cent Rpt (Spec Suppl) August 1987: 1–20.

Chapman C.B. On the definition and teaching of the medical ethic. N Eng J Med 1979; 301: 630–34.

Clauser K.D. Teaching bioethics: Strategies, problems and resources. Briarcliff Manor, N.Y.: Hastings-Center 1980: 57–9; Culver CM, Clauser KD, Gert B et al. Basic curricular goals in medical ethics. N Eng J Med 1985; 312: 253–56.

Connelly J.E. , DalleMura S. Ethical problems in the medical office. JAMA 1988; 260: 812–15; Christie RJ, Hoffmaster, CB. Ethical issues in family medicine. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Connelly J.E. , DalleMura S. Ethical problems in the medical office. JAMA 1988; 260: 812–15; Forrow L, Wartman SA, Brock DW. Science, ethics, and the making of clinical decisions. JAMA 1988; 259: 3161-67; Christie RJ, Hoffmeister CB. Ethical issues in family medicine. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Glantz L.H. Withholding and withdrawing treatment: The role of the criminal law. Law, Medicine and Health Care 1987; 15: 231–41.

Gorlin R. , Zucker H.D. Physicians’ reactions to patients: A key to teaching humanistic medicine. N Eng J Med 1983; 308: 1059–63.

Guillemin J.H. , Holmstrom L.L. Mixed blessings: Intensive care for newborns. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Jennings B. , Callahan D. , Caplan A.L. Ethical challenges of chronic illness. Hast Cent Rpt (Spec Suppl) February/March 1988: 1–16.

Jonsen Ar , Siegler M. , Winslade Wj Clinical ethics. New York, N.Y.: Macmillan Publishing Co., 2nd ed., 1986: 1–2.

Katz J. The education of the physician-investigator. Daedelus 1969; 98/480: 491–2.

Katz J. The silent world of doctor and patient. New York, N.Y.: The Free Press, 1984.

Katz J. The silent world of doctor and patient. New York, N.Y.: The Free Press, 1984; see also Dubovsky SL. Coping with entitlement in medical education. N Eng J Med 1986; 315: 1672–74.

Konner On becoming a doctor. New York, N.Y.: Viking-Penguin Inc., 1987: 361; see also, Hilfiker. Healing the wounds. New York, N.Y.: Viking-Penguin Inc., 1985.

Puma La , Silverstein Stocking Life-sustaining treatment: A prospective study of patients with DNR orders in a teaching hospital. Archives Int Med 1988; 148: 2193–98.

Lidz C.W. , Applebaum P.S. , Meisel A. Two models of implementing informed consent. Arch Int Med 1988; 148: 138589; Suchman AL, Matthews DA. What makes the patient-doctor relationship therapeutic? Exploring the connexial dimension of medical care. Ann Int Med 1988; 108: 125–30.

Ludmerer Learning to heal. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1985: 279.

Marzuk P.M. When the patient is a physician. N Eng J Med 1987; 317: 1409–11; Rabkin MT, Rabin PL, Rabin R. Compounding the ordeal of ALS: Isolation from my fellow physicians. N Eng J Med 1982; 307: 506–9; Mandel, Spiro, eds. When doctors get sick. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press, 1987.

McCarty D.J. Why are today's medical students choosing high technology specialties over internal medicine? N Eng J Med 1987; 317: 567, 568.

Moy R.H. Critical values in medical education. N Eng J Med 1979; 301: 694, 695.

Moy R.H. Critical values in medical education. N Eng J Med 1979; 301: 696.

Noddings Caring. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, 1984: 171–201; Belenky et al. Women's ways of knowing: The development of self, voice and mind. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1986: 214-229; Gillgan, Ward, Taylor. Mapping the moral domain. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Pellegrino E.D. Clinical ethics: Biomedical ethics at the bedside. JAMA 1988; 260: 837–39.

President's Commission. Making health care decisions. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office 1982: 137–8.

President's Commission. Supportive care for dying patients: An introduction for health care professionals. In: Deciding to forego life-sustaining treatment. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1983: 275–97. Dunphy JE. On caring for the patient with cancer. N Eng J Med 1976; 295: 313–19.

President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Deciding to forego life-sustaining treatment. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1983; Law Reform Commission of Canada. Euthanasia, aiding suicide and cessation of treatment. Ottawa, Ontario, 1982.

Rabkin M.T. Etiquette: Preaching and teaching. JAMA 1988; 260: 2562–63.

Rhoden Litigating life and death. Harv L Rev 1988: 102–375: 419–437.

See, Jonsen A.R. , Toulmin S. The abuse of casuistry. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, 1988: 305.

See, Hastings Center. Guidelines on the termination of life-sustaining treatment and the care of the dying. Briarcliff Manor, N.Y., 1987; U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. Life-sustaining technologies and the elderly. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987.

Seravalli E.P. The dying patient, the physician and the fear of death. N Eng J Med 1988; 319: 1728–30; Gehlbach D. Message from Mahler. JAMA 1989; 261: 104; Devassy KS. The empty times. JAMA 1989; 261: 2699.

This raises questions concerning the techno-cultural bias of American medicine and whether the law reflects a sincere regard toward or pays mere lip-service to the concept of self-determination. Payer. Medicine and culture. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Co., 1988: 124–52. Rhoden. Litigating life and death. Harv L Rev 1988; 102/375: 419–37.

Tosteson D.C. Learning in medicine. N Eng J Med 1979; 301: 690–94.

Vachon M.L.S. Occupational stress in the care of the critically ill, the dying, and the bereaved. New York, N.Y.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1987. U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. Life-sustaining technologies and the elderly. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987: 369.

Wass Corr eds. Childhood and death. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1984.

Zinn W.M. Doctors have feelings too. JAMA 1988; 259: 3296–98. For an examination of this dimension in decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation, see Nolan K. In death's shadow: The meaning of withholding resuscitiaton. Hast Cent Rpt, Oct./Nov. 1987;17: 9–14.