Assessing and Classifying Cancer Pain: Can We Develop An Internationally Accepted Common Language?

Portenoy R.K. , Lesage P. Management of cancer pain. Lancet 1999; 353(9165): 1695–1700.

Ventafridda V. , Tamburini M. , Caraceni A. A validation study of the WHO method for cancer pain relief. Cancer 1987; 59(4): 850–56.

Zech D.F. , Grond S. , Lynch J. Validation of the World Health Organization guidelines for cancer pain relief: A 10-year retrospective study. Pain 1995; 63(1): 65–76.

Bruera E. , Macmillan K. , Hanson J. The Edmonton staging system for cancer pain: Preliminary report. Pain 1989; 37(2): 203–209.

Fainsinger R.L. , Nekolaichuk C.L. , Lawlor P. A multicentre study of the revised Edmonton staging system for classifying cancer pain in advanced cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 29(3): 224–237.

Foley K. Pain assessment and cancer pain syndromes. In: Doyle D. , Hanks G. , MacDonald N. , editors. Oxford textbook of palliative medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000.

Caraceni A. , Portenoy R.K. An international survey of cancer pain characteristics and syndromes. IASP Task Force on Cancer Pain. International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain. 1999; 82(3): 263–274.

Woolf C.J. , Decosterd I. Implications of recent advances in the understanding of pain pathophysiology for the assessment of pain in patients. Pain 1999; Suppl 6: S141–S147.

Arnér S. Pain analysis in prediction of treatment outcome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 113: 24–28.

Levy M.H. Pharmacologic treatment of cancer pain. New Engl J Med 1996; 335(15): 1124–1132.

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Management of cancer pain: adults. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994; 51(13): 1643–1656.

Fainsinger R.L. , Fairchild A. , Nekolaichuk C. Is pain intensity a predictor of the complexity of cancer pain management? J Clin Onc 2009; 27(4): 585–590. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.1660.

Lowe S.S. , Nekolaichuk C.L. , Fainsinger R.L. Should the rate of opioid dose escalation be included as a feature in cancer pain classification system? J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 35(1): 51–57.

Nekolaichuk C. , Fainsinger R. , Lawlor P. A validation study of a pain classification system for advanced cancer patients using content experts: the Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain. Palliat Med 2005; 19(6): 466–476.

Fainsinger R. , Nekolaichuk C. , Lawlor P. Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain (ECS-CP) quick user guide. Covenant Health, University of Alberta, and Alberta Health Services; 2013. Accessed July 22, 2014. http://palliative.org/NewPC/_pdfs/tools/Quick%20User%20Guide_OnlineD1-Jan13.pdf

Fainsinger R. , Nekolaichuk C. , Lawlor P. Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain (ECS-CP) administration manual. Covenant Health, University of Alberta, and Alberta Health Services; 2012. Accessed July 22, 2014. http://palliative.org/NewPC/_pdfs/tools/(ECS-CP)Edmonton%20Classification%20System%20for%20Cancer%20Pain%20Manual-Jan13.pdf

Fainsinger R.L. , Nekolaichuk C. , Lawlor P. An international multicentre validation study of a pain classification system for cancer patients. Euro J Cancer 2010; 46(16): 2896–2904. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.017.

1st International Knowledge Translation Symposium – Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain. October 23–24, 2010. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Accessed July 22, 2014. www.palliative.org/NewPC/_pdfs/tools/Final_ECS-CP%20Summary%20apr272011.pdf

Kaasa S. , Caraceni A. Palliative cancer care research. Palliat Med 2010; 24(3): 259–260. doi: 10.1177/0269216310362852.

Knudsen A.K. , Aass N. , Fainsinger R. Classification of pain in cancer patients—a systematic literature review. Palliat Med 2009; 23(4): 295–308. doi: 10.1177/0269216309103125.

Hagen N.A. , Klepstad P. , Hjermstad M.J. Lofoten seminar: the pain sessions. Palliat Med 2008; 22(8): 891–894.

Rayment C. , Hjermstad M.J. , Aass N. Neuropathic cancer pain: prevalence, severity, analgesics and impact from the European Palliative Care Research Collaborative-Computerised Symptom Assessment study. Palliat Med 2013; 27(8): 714–721. doi: 10.1177/0269216312464408.

Nekolaichuk C. , Fainsinger R.L. , Aass N. The Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain: comparison of pain classification features and pain intensity across diverse palliative care settings in eight countries. J Palliat Med 2013; 16(5): 516–523. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2012.0390.

Nekolaichuk C. , Fainsinger R. , Lawlor P. A predictive model for identifying complex cancer pain syndromes in patients referred to specialist palliative care services using a pain classification system. Abstract. Palliat Med 2010; 24 Suppl 4: S42. doi: 10.1177/0269216310366390.

Knudsen A.K. , Brunelli C. , Klepstad P. Which domains should be included in a cancer pain system? Analyses of longitudinal data. Pain 2012; 153: 696–703. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2011. 12. 005.

Knudsen A.K. , Brunelli C. , Kaasa S. Which variables are associated with pain intensity and treatment response in advanced cancer patients? Implications for a future classification system for cancer pain. Eur J Pain 2011; 15(3): 320–327. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.08.001.

Laird B.J. , McMillan D.C. , Fayers P. The systemic inflammatory response and its relationship to pain and other symptoms in advanced cancer. Oncologist 2013; 18(9): 1050–1055. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0120.

Seltzer Z. Nothing in pain makes sense except in the light of genetics. Pain 2014; 155(5): 841–842. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2014. 02. 001.

Nekolaichuk C.L. , Fainsinger R.L. , Lawlor P. Challenges of conducting research on cancer pain classification: how do we make sense of the outcomes? J Palliat Med 2013; 16(11): 1323–1325. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2013.0319.

Portenoy R. Treatment of cancer pain. Lancet 2011; 377(9784): 2236–2247. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60236-5.

Mulvey M.R. , Rolke R. , Klepstad P Confirming neuropathic pain in cancer patients: applying the NeuPSIG grading system in clinical practice and clinical research. Pain 2014; 155(5): 859–863. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.11.010.

Amigo P. , Fainsinger R.L. , Nekolaichuk C. Audit of resource utilization in a regional palliative care program using the Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain (ECS-CP). J Palliat Med 2008; 11(6): 815–818. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2008.0047.

Hagen N.A. , Stiles C. , Nekolaichuk C. The Alberta Breakthrough Pain Assessment Tool for cancer patients: a validation study using a delphi process and patient think-aloud interviews. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008; 35(2): 136–152. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.03.016.

Bruera E. The challenges of prognosis in cancer pain. Pain 2012; 153(3): 513–514. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.12.016.

O'Connor M. , Weir J. , Butcher I. Pain in patients attending a specialist cancer service: prevalence and association with emotional distress. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 43(1): 29–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.03.010.

Nekolaichuk C. , Fainsinger R. , Lawlor P. Assessing the correlates and predictors of clinician-rated psychological distress in a pain classification system. Abstract. Palliat Med 2012; 26(4): 468–469. doi:10.1177/0269216312446391

Gauthier L.R. , Rodin G. , Zimmermann C. Acceptance of pain: a study in patients with advanced cancer. Pain 2009; 143(1-2): 147–154. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.009.

Ditre J.W. , Gonzalez B.D. , Simmons V.N. Associations between pain and current smoking status among cancer patients. Pain 2011; 152(1): 60–65. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.001.

Fainsinger R. , Nekolaichuk C. , Amigo P. Comparison of revised Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain (ECS-CP) features across diverse settings. Abstract. Palliat Med 2014; 28(6): 712–713. doi: 10.1177/0269216314532748.

Currow D.C. , Spruyt O. , Hardy J. Defining refractory pain in cancer for clinicians and researchers. J Palliat Med 2012; 15(1): 5–6. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2011.0326.

Jensen T.S. , Gebhart G.F. New pain terminology: a work in progress. Pain 2008; 140(3): 399–400. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.10.014.