ZakimD., BoyerT.D., editors. Hepatology: a textbook of liver disease.Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2003.
2.
FoxE., Landrum-McNiffK., ZhongZ.Evaluation of prognostic criteria for determining hospice eligibility in patients with advanced lung, heart, or liver disease. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Out-comes and Risks of Treatments.JAMA1999; 282(17): 1638–1645.
3.
GuyV.Liver failure, life support, family support, and palliation: an inside story.J Crit Care2006; 21(3): 250–252.
SchomerusH., HamsterW.Quality of life in cirrhotics with minimal hepatic encephalopathy.Metabolic Brain Disease2001; 16(1-2): 37–41.
6.
SanchezW., TalwalkarJ.A.Palliative care for patients with end-stage liver disease ineligible for liver transplantation.Gastroenterol Clin North Am2006; 35(1): 201–219.
7.
LarsonA.M., CurtisJ.R.Integrating palliative care for liver transplant candidates: “Too well for transplant, too sick for life.”JAMA2006; 295(18): 2168–2176.
8.
ChristakisN.A.Death foretold: prophecy and prognosis in medical care.Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1999.
9.
RothK., LynnJ., ZhongZ.Dying with end stage liver disease with cirrhosis: insights from SUPPORT. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment.J Am Geriatr Soc2000; 48(5 Suppl): S122–S130.
10.
D'AmicoG., Garcia-TsaoG., PagliaroL.Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies.J Hepatol2006; 44(1): 217–231.
11.
Garcia-TsaoG., LimJ.K.Management and treatment of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension: recommendations from the Department of Veterans Affairs Hepatitis C Resource Center Program and the National Hepatitis C Program.Am J Gastroenterol2009; 104(7): 1802–1829.
12.
GinèsP., QuinteroE., ArroyoV.Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors.Hepatology1987; 7(1): 122–128.
13.
CarbonellN., PauwelsA., SerfatyL.Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades.Hepatology2004; 40(3): 652–659.
14.
PlanasR., MontoliuS., BallestéB.Natural history of patients hospitalized for management of cirrhotic ascites.Clinical Gastroenterol Hepatol2006; 4(11): 1385–1394.
15.
RunyonB.A.Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update.Hepatology2009; 49(6): 2087–2107.
16.
ArroyoV., TerraC., GinèsP.Advances in the pathogenesis and treatment of type-1 and type-2 hepatorenal syndrome.J Hepatol2007; 46(5): 935–946.
17.
AlessandriaC., OzdoganO., GuevaraM.MELD score and clinical type predict prognosis in hepatorenal syndrome: relevance to liver transplantation.Hepatology2005; 41(6): 1282–1289.
18.
ChildC.G.Surgery and portal hypertension. In: ChildC.G., editor. The liver and portal hypertension.Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1964.
19.
PughR.N., Murray-LyonI.M., DawsonJ.L.Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices.Br J Surg1973; 60(8): 646–649.
20.
Fernández-EsparrachG., Sanchez-FueyoA., GinèsP.A prognostic model for predicting survival in cirrhosis with ascites.J Hepatol2001; 34(1): 46–52.
21.
PlanasR., BallestéB., AlvarezM.A.Natural history of decompensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis: a study of 200 patients.J Hepatol2004; 40(5): 823–830.
22.
MalinchocM., KamathP.S., GordonF.D.A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts.Hepatology2000; 31(4): 864–871.
23.
KamathP.S., WiesnerR.H., MalinchocM.A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease.Hepatology2001; 33(2): 464–470.
24.
ChalasaniN., KahiC., FrancoisF.Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) for predicting mortality in patients with acute variceal bleeding.Hepatology2002; 35(5): 1282–1284.
25.
AntakiF., LukowskiA.The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) predicts survival of liver cirrhosis patients after discharge to hospice.J Clin Gastroenterol2007; 41(4): 412–415.
26.
KamathP.S., KimW.R.The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). Advanced Liver Disease Study Group.Hepatology2007; 45(3): 797–805.
27.
SanyalA.J., BoschJ., BleiA.Portal hypertension and its complications.Gastroenterology2008; 134(6): 1715–1728.
28.
RufA.E., KremersW.K., ChavezL.L.Addition of serum sodium into the MELD score predicts waiting list mortality better than MELD alone.Liver Transpl2005; 11(3): 336–343.
29.
KimW.R., BigginsS.W., KremersW.K.Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list.N Engl J Med2008; 359(10): 1018–1026.
30.
BigginsS.W., RodriguezH.J., BacchettiP.Serum sodium predicts mortality in patients listed for liver transplantation.Hepatology2005; 4(1): 32–39.
31.
LondonoM-C, CárdenasA., GuevaraM.MELD score and serum sodium in the prediction of survival of patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation.Gut2007; 56(9): 1283–1290.
32.
SchenkP., Schoniger-HekeleM., FuhrmannV.Prognostic significance of the hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis.Gastroenterology2003; 125(4): 1042–1052.
33.
SwansonK.L., WiesnerR.H., KrowkaM.J.Natural history of hepatopulmonary syndrome: impact of liver transplantation.Hepatology2005; 41(5): 1122–1129.
34.
DurandF., VallaD.Assessment of prognosis of cirrhosis.Semin Liver Dis2008; 28(1): 110–122.
35.
WehlerM., KokoskaJ., ReulbachU.Short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with cirrhosis assessed by prognostic scoring systems.Hepatology2001; 34(2): 255–261.
36.
DhainautJ-F, LaterreP-F, JanesJ.M.Drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the treatment of severe sepsis patients with multiple-organ dysfunction: data from the PROWESS trial.Intensive Care Med2003; 29(6): 894–903.
37.
DevulderJ., RicharzU., NatarajaS.H.Impact of long-term use of opioids on quality of life in patients with chronic, non-malignant pain.Curr Med Res Opin2005; 21(10): 1555–1568.
MurrayM.D., BraterD.C.Renal toxicity of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Annu Rev Pharmacacol Toxicol1993; 33: 435–465.
40.
GiovanniG., GiovanniP.Do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and COX-2 selective inhibitors have different renal effects?J Nephrol2002; 15(5): 480–488.
41.
PrescottL.F.Therapeutic misadventure with paracetamol: fact or fiction?Am J Ther2000; 7(2): 99–114.
42.
BensonG.D., KoffR.S., TolmanK.G.The therapeutic use of acetaminophen in patients with liver disease.Am J Ther2005; 12(2): 133–141.
43.
DartR.C., KuffnerE.K., RumackB.H.Treatment of pain or fever with paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the alcoholic patient: a systematic review.Am J Ther2000; 7(2): 123–134.
44.
KuffnerE.K., GreenJ.L., BogdanG.M.The effect of acetaminophen (four grams a day for three consecutive days) on hepatic tests in alcoholic patients: a multicenter randomized study.BMC Med2007; 5: 13.
45.
TegederI., LötschJ., GeisslingerG.Pharmacokinetics of opioids in liver disease.Clin Pharmacokinet1999; 37(1): 17–40.
46.
NovickD.M., KreekM.J., FanizzaA.M.Methadone disposition in patients with chronic liver disease.Clin Pharmacol Ther1981; 30(3): 353–362.
47.
MarchesiniG., BianchiG., AmodioP.Factors associated with poor health-related quality of life of patients with cirrhosis.Gastroenterology2001; 120(1): 170–178.
48.
LebovicsE., SeifF., KimD.Pruritus in chronic hepatitis C: association with high serum bile acids, advanced pathology, and bile duct abnormalities.Dig Dis Sci1997; 42(5): 1094–1099.
49.
KremerA.E., BeuersU., Oude-ElferinkR.P.J.Pathogenesis and treatment of pruritus in cholestasis.Drugs2008; 68(15): 2163–2182.
50.
BergasaN.V.Medical palliation of the jaundiced patient with pruritus.Gastroenterol Clin North Am2006; 35(1): 113–123.
51.
MelaM., MancusoA., BurroughsA.K.Review article: pruritus in cholestatic and other liver diseases.Aliment Pharmacol Ther2003; 17(7): 857–870.
52.
MarzioniM., Svegliati BaroniG., AlpiniG.Endogenous opioid peptides and chronic liver disease: from bedside to bench.J Hepatol2007; 46(4): 583–586.
53.
TandonP., RoweB.H., VandermeerB.The efficacy and safety of bile acid binding agents, opioid antagonists, or rifampin in the treatment of cholestasis-associated pruritus.Am J Gastroenterol2007; 102(7): 1528–1536.
54.
ThorntonJ.R., LosowskyM.S.Opioid peptides and primary biliary cirrhosis.BMJ1988; 297(6662): 1501–1504.
55.
JonesE.A., NeubergerJ., BergasaN.V.Opiate antagonist therapy for the pruritus of cholestasis: the avoidance of opioid withdrawal-like reactions.QJM2002; 95(8): 547–552.
56.
BergasaN.V., SchmittJ.M., TalbotT.L.Open-label trial of oral nalmefene therapy for the pruritus of cholestasis.Hepatology1998; 27(3): 679–684.
57.
CarsonK.L., TranT.T., CottonP.Pilot study of the use of naltrexone to treat the severe pruritus of cholestatic liver disease.Am J Gastroenterol1996; 91(5): 1022–1023.
58.
DawnA.G., YosipovitchG.Butorphanol for treatment of intractable pruritus.J Am Acad Dermatol2006; 54(3): 527–531.
59.
SantosJ., PlanasR., PardoA.Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis: a randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.J Hepatol2003; 39(2): 187–192.
60.
SalernoF., BadalamentiS., IncertiP.Repeated paracentesis and i.v. albumin infusion to treat “tense” ascites in cirrhotic patients: a safe alternative therapy.J Hepatol1987; 5(1): 102–108.
61.
GinèsP., ArroyoV., QuinteroE.Comparison of paracentesis and diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites: results of a randomized study.Gastroenterology1987; 93(2): 234–241.
62.
CárdenasA., GinèsP.Management of refractory ascites.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2005; 3(12): 1187–1191.
63.
CárdenasA., GinèsP., RunyonB.A.Is albumin infusion necessary after large volume paracentesis?Liver Int2009; 29(5): 636–640.
64.
RunyonB.A.Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and ascites.Semin Liver Dis1997; 17(3): 249–260.
65.
ColombatoL.The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management of portal hypertension.J Clin Gastroenterol2007; 41(3 Suppl): S344–S351.
66.
CampbellM.S., BrensingerC.M., SanyalA.J.Quality of life in refractory ascites: transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunting versus medical therapy.Hepatology2005; 42(3): 635–640.
67.
ReisfieldG.M., WilsonG.R.Management of intractable, cirrhotic ascites with an indwelling drainage catheter.J Palliat Med2003; 6(5): 787–791.
68.
RosenblumD.I., GeisingerM.A., NewmanJ.S.Use of subcutaneous venous access ports to treat refractory ascites.J Vasc Interv Radiol2001; 12(11): 1343–1346.
69.
FerenciP., LockwoodA., MullenK.Hepatic encephalopathy — definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998.Hepatology2002; 35(3): 716–721.
70.
DasA., DhimanR.K., SaraswatV.A.Prevalence and natural history of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis.J Gastroenterol Hepatol2001; 16(5): 531–535.
71.
Romero-GomezM., BozaF., Garcia-ValdecasasM.S.Sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy.Am J Gastroenterol2001; 96: 2718–2723.
72.
Romero-GómezM., GrandeL., CamachoI.Prognostic value of altered oral glutamine challenge in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy.Hepatology2004; 39(4): 939–943.
73.
SundaramV., ShaikhO.S.Hepatic encephalopathy: pathophysiology and emerging therapies.Med Clin North Am2009; 93(4): 819–836.
74.
MorganM.Y., AlonsoM., StangerL.C.Lactitol and lactulose for the treatment of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: a randomised, cross-over study.J Hepatol1989; 8(2): 208–217.
75.
AtterburyC.E., MaddreyW.C., ConnH.O.Neomycin-sorbitol and lactulose in the treatment of acute portal-systemic encephalopathy: a controlled, double-blind clinical trial.A J Dig Dis1978; 23(5): 398–406.
76.
MasA., RodésJ., SunyerL.Comparison of rifaximin and lactitol in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, controlled clinical trial.J Hepatol2003; 38(1): 51–58.
77.
LaccettiM., ManesG., UomoG.Flumazenil in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: a double blind randomized placebo controlled study.Dig Liver Dis2000; 32(4): 335–338.
78.
PandharipandeP., ShintaniA., PetersonJ.Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients.Anesthesiology2006; 104(1): 21–26.
79.
NauckF., Alt-EppingB.Crises in palliative care: a comprehensive approach.Lancet Oncol2008; 9(11): 1086–1091.
80.
MontiM., CastellaniL., BerlusconiA.Use of red blood cell transfusions in terminally ill cancer patients admitted to a palliative care unit.J Pain Symptom Manag1996; 12(1): 18–22.
81.
PrommerE.Management of bleeding in the terminally ill patient.Hematology2005; 10(3): 167–175.
82.
El-SeragH.B., RudolphK.L.Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis.Gastroenterology2007; 132(7): 2557–2576.
83.
MazzaferroV., RegaliaE., DociR.Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis.N Engl J Med1996; 334(11): 693–699.
84.
CunninghamS.C., ChotiM.A., BellavanceE.C.Palliation of hepatic tumors.Surg Oncol2007; 16(4): 277–291.
85.
Man-Son-HingM., WellsG.Meta-analysis of efficacy of quinine for treatment of nocturnal leg cramps in elderly people.BMJ1995; 310(6971): 13–17.
86.
LeeF.Y., LeeS.D., TsaiY.T.A randomized controlled trial of quinidine in the treatment of cirrhotic patients with muscle cramps.J Hepatol1991; 12(2): 236–240.
87.
CorbaniA., ManousouP., CalvarusoV.Muscle cramps in cirrhosis: the therapeutic value of quinine.Is it underused? Dig Liver Dis2008; 40(9): 794–799.
88.
SinghN., GayowskiT., WagenerM.M.Depression in patients with cirrhosis: impact on outcome.Dig Dis Sci1997; 42(7): 1421–1427.
89.
KimS.H., OhE.G., LeeW.H.Symptom experience, psychological distress, and quality of life in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis: a cross-sectional survey.Int J Nurs Stud2006; 43(8): 1047–1056.
90.
Van der PlasS.M., HansenB.E., de BoerJ.B.Generic and disease-specific health related quality of life in non-cirrhotic, cirrhotic and transplanted liver patients: a cross-sectional study.BMC Gastroenterol2003; 3: 33.
91.
SchulzR., BeachS.R.Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study.JAMA1999; 282(23): 2215–2219.
92.
RossaroL., TroppmannC., McVicarJ.P.A strategy for the simultaneous provision of pre-operative palliative care for patients awaiting liver transplantation.Transpl Int2004; 17(8): 473–475.
93.
LumbyJ.Liver transplantation: the death/life paradox.Int J Nurs Pract1997; 3(4): 231–238.
94.
IredaleJ.End-stage chronic liver disease: time to define a good death.Hepatology2008; 47(6): 1799–1800.