The Quandary of Cultural Diversity

Fainsinger R.L. , Núñez-Olarte J.M. , de Moissac D.M. The cultural differences In perceived value of disclosure and cognition: Spain and Canada. J Palliat Care 2003; 19(1): 43–48.

Oken D. What to tell cancer patients: a study of medical attitudes. JAMA 1961; 175: 1120–1128.

Novack D.H. , Plumer R. , Smith R.L. , Ochitill H. , Morrow G.R. , Bennett J.M. Changes in physicians’ attitudes toward telling the cancer patient. JAMA 1979; 241: 897–900.

Beecher H. Ethics and clinical research. N Engl J Med 1966; 274: 1354–1360.

Beauchamp T.L. , Childress J.F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 4^th edition. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Fallowfield L. Truth sometimes hurts, but deceit hurts more. In: Surbone A. , Zwitter M. (eds). Communication with the Cancer Patient: information and truth. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 809: 525–536.

Levy L.M. Communication with the cancer patient in Zimbabwe. In: Surbone A. , Zwitter M. (eds). Communication with the Cancer Patient information and truth. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 809: 133–141.

Carrese J. , Rhodes L. Western bioethics on the Navajo Reservation: benefit or harm? JAMA 1995; 274: 826–829.

Surbone A. Truth telling to the patient. JAMA 1992; 268: 1661–1662.

Gordon D.R. Paci E. Disclosure practices and cultural narratives: understanding concealment and silence around cancer In Tuscany, Italy. Soc Sci Med 1997; 44: 1433–1452.

Pellegrino E. Is truth telling to patients a cultural artifact? [Editorial] JAMA 1992; 268: 1734–1735.

Gostin L.O. Informed consent, cultural sensitivity and respect for persons [editorial]. JAMA 1995; 274: 844–845.

Vincent J.L. Information in the ICU: are we being honest with our patients? The results of a European questionnaire. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24: 1251–1256.

Chan D. , Loth L.G. The doctor-patient relationship: a survey of attitudes and practices of doctors in Singapore. Bioethics 2000; 14: 58–76.

Seo M. , Tamura K. , Shijo H. , Morioka E. , Ikegame C. , Hirasako K. Telling the diagnosis to cancer patients in Japan: attitude and perceptions of patients, physicians and nurses. Palliat Med 2000; 14: 105–110.

Grassi L. , Giraldi T. , Messina E.G. , Magnani K. , Valle E. , Cartei G. Physicians’ attitudes to and problems with truth-telling to cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2000; 8: 40–45.

Annas G.J. Informed consent, cancer, and truth in prognosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 223–225.

Kodish E. , Post G.P. Oncology and hope. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1817–1822.

Anderlik M.R. , Pentz R.D. , Hess K.R. Revisiting the truth telling debate: a study of disclosure practices at a major cancer center. J Clin Ethics 2000; 11: 251–259.

Sullivan R.J. , Menapace L.W. , White R.M. Truth-telling and patient diagnoses. J Med Ethics 2001; 27: 192–197.

Elger B.S. , Harding T.W. Should cancer patients be Informed about their diagnosis and prognosis? Future doctors and lawyers differ. J Med Ethics 2002; 28: 258–265.

Authors Various. Special Section: Patient Autonomy. J Clin Ethics 2002; 13: 54–84.

Arraras J.L. , lllaramendi J.J. , Valerdi J.J. , James S. Truth-telling to the patient in advanced cancer: family Information filtering and prospect for change. Psychooncology 1995; 4: 191–196.

Higginson I.J. , Costantini M. Communication in end-of-life cancer care: a comparison of team assessment In three European countries. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 3674–3682.

Surbone A. The information to the cancer patient: psychosocial and spiritual implications. Support Care Cancer 1993; 1: 89–91.

Blackhall L J S. , Murphy T. , Frank G. , Michel V. , Azen S. Ethnicity and attitudes toward patient autonomy. JAMA 1995; 274: 820–825.

Hall P. , Stone G. , Fiset V.J. Palliative care: how can we meet the needs of our multicultural communities? J Palliat Care 1998; 14: 46–49.

Kagawa-Singer M. , Blackhall L.J. Negotiating cross-cultural issues at the end of life. JAMA 2001; 286: 2993–3001.

Olweny C. The ethics and conduct of cross-cultural research in developing countries. Psychooncology 1994; 3: 11–20.

Seibert P.S. , Stridh-lgo P. , Zimmermann C.G. A checklist to facilitate cultural awareness and sensitivity. J Med Ethics 2002; 28: 143–146.

Fleischacker S. Integrity and moral relativism. Herndon VA and PA Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publisher, 1992.

General Assembly of the United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Geneva: United Nations, 1948.

Nussbaum M.C. Women and Human Development. The capabilities approach. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000.