Cet article présente les différentes sources d'oubli d'un message et analyse comment les caractéristiques de l'environnement marketing peuvent affecter l'acquisition et le rappel des publicités. Il insiste plus particulièrement sur le phénomène d'interférence des informations en mémoire et propose plusieurs solutions pour juguler l'oubli dans un contexte de forte concurrence publicitaire.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aaker DavidA.Stayman DouglasM.Hagerty MichaelR. (1986), Warmth in advertising : Measurement, impact and sequence effects, Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (March), 365–386.
2.
Adams HenryF. (1916), Advertising and its mental laws, New York, MacMillan.
3.
Adams SephenC.HendersonBritt SteuartMiller AllanS. (1972), How many advertising exposures per day?, Journal of Advertising Research, 12 (December), 3–9.
4.
Alba JosephW. (1983), The effects of products knowledge on the comprehension, retention and evaluation of product information, Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 10, BagozziRichard P.TybautAlice M. (eds), Ann Arbor, mi, Association for Consumer Research, 577–580.
5.
JosephAlbaAmitavaChattopadhyay (1985), The effects of context and part. category cues on recall of competing brands, Journal of Marketing Research, 22 (August), 340–349.
6.
Anderson JohnR.Bauer GordonH. (1973), Human associative memory, Washington dc, Winston.
7.
Anderson JohnR. (1983), The architecture of cognition, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
8.
ValentineAppelMiltonBlum (1961), A recognition and respondent set, Journal of Advertising Research, 1 (June), 13–21.
9.
ValentineAppelCurtWeinsteinSidneyWeinstein (1979), Brain-activity and recall of TV advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, vol. 19, n° 4, 7–14.
10.
RichardBagozziSilk AlvenJ. (1983), Recall, recognition and the measurement of memory for print advertissements, Marketing Science, 2 (Spring), 95–134.
11.
Barnes JeanM.Underwood BentonJ. (1959), Fate of first-list associations in transfer theory, Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 58, 2 (August), 97–105.
12.
Baumgardner MichaelH.Leippe MichaelR.Ronis DavidL.Greenwald AnthonyG. (1983), In search of reliable persuasion effects. II : Associative interference and persistence of persuasion in a message-dense environment, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 45 (3), 524–537.
13.
MichelBeaud (1987), L'art de la thése, Paris, Editions de la Découverte.
14.
Belch GeorgeE. (1982), The effects of television commercial repetition on cognitive response and message acceptance, Journal of Consumer Research, 9 (June), 56–65.
15.
AlexisBenguigui (1975), IREP, rapport des joutnées d'études, 1974.
16.
Bettman JamesR. (1979), Memory factors in consumer choice : A review, Journal of Marketing, 43 (Spring), 37–53.
17.
GabrielBiehalDipankarChakravarti (1982), Information presentation format and learning goals as determinants of consumers' memory-retieval and choice processes, Journal of Consumer Research, 8 (March), 431–441.
18.
GabrielBiehalDipankarChakravarti (1983), Information accessibility as a moderator of consumer choice, Journal of Consumer Research, 10 (June), 1–14.
19.
GabrielBiehalDipankarChakravarti (1986), Consumers' use of memory and external information in choice, macro and micro perspectives, Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (March), 382–405.
20.
Blankenship AlbertB.Whitely PaulL. (1941), Proactive inhibition in the recall of advertising material, The journal of Social Psychology, 13 (May), 311–322.
21.
LéoBogard (1986), cité dans Futuribles, n° 97 (mars).
22.
JoëlBoillotGiovanniFabris (1987), Relation entre l'impact d'un spot TV et la charge publicitaire d'un écran, premières expériences, Télévision et publicité, 73.
23.
BrisouxJ.DarmonR.LarocheM., Gestion de la publicité, MacGraw-Hill, 1987.
24.
Burke RaymondR. (1985), A model of consumer cognition, Working Paper n° 85–105, Marketing Department, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, pa 19104.
25.
Burke RaymondR.Srull ThomasK. (1988), Competitive interference and consumer memory for advertising, Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 15 (June), 55–68.
26.
Carlston DonaldE. (1980), The recall and the use of traits and events in social inference processes, Journal of Experimental and social Psychology, 16 (July), 308–328.
27.
JohnCeraso (1957), The interference theory of forgetting, Scientific American, 217 (October), 117–124.
28.
Chabot RobertJ.MillerT. J.JuolaJ. F. (1976), The relationship between repetition and depth of processing, Memory and Cognition, 4, 677–682.
29.
ClaudeCharbonnier (1987), Audience et audiences, Télévision et publicité, irep, 43.
30.
Claycamp HenryJ.LucianeLiddy (1960), Prediction of new product performance : An analytical approach, Journal of Marketing Research, 6, 414–420.
31.
AllanCollinsLoftus ElisabethF. (1975), A spreading activation theory of semantic processing, Psychological Review, 82 (6), 407–428.
32.
YvesCorson (1987), Récupération en mémoire d'informations thématiquement liées, Cahiers de Psychologic cognitive, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, vol. 17, n° 1, 33–35.
33.
FergusCraikLockhartR. A. (1972), Levels of processing : A framework for memory research, Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior (61), 671–684.
34.
Crowder RobertG. (1976), Principles of learning and memory, Hillsdale, nj, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
35.
HermanEbbinghaus (1902), Grundzuge des psychologie, Leipzig, Germany, Veit & Co.
36.
StrongEdward K. (1912), The effects of length for senses upon recognition, Psychological Review, 19, 44–47.
37.
Ehrenberg AndrewS. C. (1974), traduit de 1'anglais par M. N. Fustec, La publicité répétitive est-elle efficace?, extrait de Journal of Advertising Research, vol. 14, n° 2 (April).
38.
Eysenck MichaelW. (1977), Human memory : theory, research and individual differences, Oxford, England, Pergamon.
39.
JulieFranz (1986), $95 billions for what?, ads remembered as forgettable in 1985, Advertising Age, 57(March 3), 4.
40.
FrydmanM.SchellensP. (1988), Le flash publicitaire, fixation de la marque et compréhension du message, Revue de Psychologie appliquée, vol. 8, n° 2, 137–150.
41.
Geiger JoanA. (1971), Seven brands in seven days, Journal of Advertising Research, 11 (October), 15–22.
42.
CunitzGlanzer (1966), cité par Diane Papalia et Sally Wendhos olds (1988), Introduction à la psychologie, Québec, MacGraw-Hill (éd.).
43.
AnthonyGreenwaldClarkLeavitt (1984), Audience involvement in advertising : Four levels, Journal of Consumer Research, 11 (June), 581–592.
44.
PaulGuillaume (1969), Manuel de psychologie, Paris, puf.
45.
Hoch StephenJ. (1984), Availability and interference in predictive judgment, Journal of Experimental Psychology : learning, memory and cognition, vol. 10, n° 4, 649–662.
46.
Hodock CalvinL. (1980), Copy testing and strategic positioning, Journal of Advertising Research, 20(February), 33–38, irep, cité par L'Expansion, n° 362.
47.
MichelHughes, cité par Armand Morgensztern, Le modèle mémodémémo, Etude irep, février 1976, 3–32.
48.
Hutchinson WesleyJ.Moore DanielL. (1984), Issues Surrounding the Examination of Delay Effects of Advertising, Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 11, Ed. KinnearThomas C., Provo, UT, Association for Consumer Research, 650–655.
49.
IREP (1991), Indicateurs : le marché publicitaire français 1990, Publications de l'irep, 12 mars.
50.
IrmanP. (1971), Recherche de critères explicatifs de l'impact de la publicité télévisée, Publications de l'irep.
51.
Jenkins JohnG.Dallenbach KarlM. (1924), Oblivescence during sleep and waking, American Journal of Psychology, 35 (October), 605–612.
52.
Johnson EricJ.EdwardRusso (1984), Product familiarity and learning new information, Journal of Consumer Research, 11 (June), 542–550.
53.
de Mendoza Jean-LouisJuanClaudeBauduMichelLaschon (1977), Influence de la relation entre deux tâches interférentes dans une conduite de rappel, Cahiers de Psychologie, 20, 251–263.
54.
KapfererJ. N. (1988), Fiabilité et validité des principales mesures du souvenir publicitaire, Mesurer l'efficacité de la publicité, irep, Paris, Editions d'Organisation, 37.
55.
KapfererJ. N. (1986), Implication du consommateur et sensibilité à la création publicitaire, La communication publicitaire, irep, 131, Publications de l'irep.
56.
Kardes FrankR. (1986), Effects of initial product judgement on subsequent memory-based judgments, Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (June), 1–11.
57.
Katz WilliamA. (1980), A sliding schedule of advertising weight, Journal of Advertising Research, vol. 20, n° 4, 39–44.
58.
Keller KevinL. (1987), Memory Factors in Advertising : The Effect of Advertising Retrieval Cues on Brand Evaluation, Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (December), 316–333.
59.
Keller KevinL. (1991a), Memory Retrieval Factors and Advertising Effectiveness, Advertising Exposure, memory and choice, Ed. MitchelAndrew A., Hillsdale, wj, Erlbaum.
60.
Keller KevinL. (1991b), Cue compatibility and framing in advertising, Journal of Consumer Research, 28(February).
61.
JolitaKisieliusBrianSternthal (1986), Examining the vividness controversy : An availability-valence interpretation, Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (March), 418–431.
62.
Krugman HerbertE. (1965), The impact of television advertising : Learning without involvement, Public Opinion Quaterly, 29, 349–356.
63.
Krugman HerbertE. (1986), Why three exposures may be enough?, Journal of Advertising Research, 12 (December), 11–14.
64.
LichensteinM.SrullT. K. (1985), Conceptual and methodological issue in examining the relationship between consumer memory and judgment, psychological processes and advertising effects : theory, research and application, AlwittLinda F.MitchellAndrew A. (eds), Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 113–128.
65.
AlainLieury (1975), La mémoire, Bruxelles, Dessart.
66.
LindonD. (1961), Valeur d'attention des annonces publicitaires (mars), Publications de l'irep.
67.
Lingle JohnH.Ostrom ThomasM. (1979), Retrieval selectivity in memory-based impression judgments, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (February), 180–194.
68.
Little JohnH.Ostrom ThomasM. (1979), Retrieval selectivity in memory-based impression judgments, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (February), 180–194.
69.
BarbaraLokenRomualdHoverstad (1985), Relationship between information recall and subsequent attitudes : Some exploratory findings, Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (September), 155–168.
70.
MacGeoch JohnA. (1932), Forgetting and the law of disuse, Psychological Review, 39 (July), 352–370.
71.
MacKinneyFred (1935), Retroactive inhibition in advertising, Journal of Applied Psychology, 19, 59–66.
72.
MadrièresF. (1988), Sur quels critères peut-on mesurer l'efficacité publicitaire?, Mesurer l'efficacité de la publicité, irep, Paris, Editions d'Organisation, 11.
73.
Maloney JohnC. (1961), Portfolio tests. Are they here to stay?, Journal of Marketing, 25 (July), 32–37.
74.
March (1966), Courbe de réponse à la pression publicitaire (mars), Publications de l'irep.
75.
McGuire WilliamJ. (1969), An information processing model of advertising effectiveness, unpublished paper presented at the behavior and management science in marketing symposium, University of Chicago.
76.
ArthurMeltonJeanIrwin (1940), The influence of degree of interpolated learning on retroactive inhibition and the overt transfer of specific responses, American Journal of Psychology, 53 (April), 173–203.
77.
Miller GeorgesA. (1956), The magical number seven plus or minus two, some limits on our capacity for processing information, Psychological Review, vol. 63, n° 2 (March).
78.
Mitchell AndrewA. (1981), The dimensions of advertising involvement, Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 8, MonroeKent (ed.), Ann Arbor, mi, Association for Consumer Research, 25–30.
79.
Mitchell AndrewA. (1983), Cognitive processes initiated by exposure to advertising, Information Processing Research in Advertising, HarrisRichard Jackson (ed.), Hillsdale, nj, Lawrence Erlbaum.
80.
MorgenszternA. (1976), Démémorisation, durée de vie des campagnes, Cahiers de l'irep, n° 31.
81.
MorgenszternA. (1978), Le β et sa descendance, Publications de l'irep, n° 28–31, Paris.
82.
MorgenszternA. (1983), Synthèse des travaux sur la mémorisation des messages publicitaires, la publicité, nerf de la communication, Paris, Editions d'Organisation, S. Piquet, coll. « adetem ».
83.
PhilippeNicolas (1986), La valeur spectacle en publicité : Renforcement de la mémorisation et de l'adhésion, La communication publicitaire, irep, 271–291.
84.
Norman DonaldA.Rumelhart DavidE. (1975), Explorations in cognition, San Francisco, CA, Freeman.
85.
DianePapaliaSallyWendhos (1988), Introduction à la psychologie, Québec, MacGraw-Hill (éd.).
86.
LarryPercyRossiter JohnR. (1980), Advertising strategy : a communication theory approach, New York, Praeger.
87.
LéoPostman (1975), Verbal Learning and memory, Annual Review of Psychology, 26, 291–335.
88.
LéoPostmanBentonUnderwood (1973), Critical issues in interference theory, Memory and Cognition, 1 (1), 19–40.
89.
LéoPostmanKarenStarke (1979), The role of response availability in transfer and interference, Journal of Experimental Psychology (January), 168–177.
90.
QuéroisY. (1979), Démémo, évaluation de la pénétration mémorielle dans le temps, cisi (mai).
Ray MichaelL.Sawyer AlanG. (1971), Repetition in media models : A laboratory technique, Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (February), 20–29.
94.
Rethans ArnoJ.Swasy JohnL.Marks LawrenceJ. (1986), Effects of television commercial repetition, receiver knowledge, and consumer length : A test of two-factor model, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 23 (February), 50–60.
95.
JeanRichard (1974), Attention et apprentissage, Paris, puf.
96.
Sawyer AlanG. (1974), The effects of repetition : Conclusions and suggestions about experimental laboratory research, Buyer/consumer information processing, HughesDavidRayMichael (eds), Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 180–219.
97.
Schank RogerC. (1982), Dynamic memory : a theory of reminding in computers and people, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press.
98.
HerbertSimon (1974), How big is a chunk?, Science, vol. 183, n° 4122 (February), 482–488.
99.
Simon JulianL.Arndt JohanL. (1980), The shape of the advertising response function, Journal of Advertising Research, vol. 20, n° 4 (August), 11–28.
100.
Srull ThomasK. (1983), The role of prior knowledge in the acquisition, retention and use of new information, Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 10, BagozziRichard P.TyboutAlice M. (eds), Ann Arbor, mi, Association for Consumer Research, 572–576.
101.
Srull ThomasK.WyerJ. R. (1985), The role of chronic and temporary goals in social informations processing, Handbook of motivation and cognition : foundations of social behavior, SorrentinoRichard M.Tory HigginsE. (eds), New York, Guilford, 503–549.
102.
Stigler GeorgeJ. (1961), The economics of information, Journal of Political Economy, 69 (June), 213–225.
103.
Thorndike EdwardL. (1914), The psychology of learning, New York, Teachers College Press.
HenriWallonEugénieEvart-Chmielniski (1951), Les mécanismes de la mémoire en rapport avec ses objets, Paris, puf.
106.
Webb PeterH. (1979), Consumer initial processing in a difficult media environment, Journal of Consumer Research, 6 (December), 225–236.
107.
Webb PeterH.Ray MichaelL. (1979), Effects of tv clutter, Journal of Advertising Research, 19 (June), 7–12.
108.
Wittink DickR. (1977), Exploring territorial differences in the relationship between marketing variables, Journal of Marketing Research, 14 (May), 145–155.
109.
Woodward AddisonE.Bjork RobertA.JongewardJ. R.RobertH. (1973), Recall and recognition as a function of primary rehearsal, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 608–617.
110.
RobertsWyerSrull ThomasK. (1986), Human cognition in its social context, 93 (July), 322–359.
111.
Zielske HubertA. (1959), The remembering and forgetting of advertising, Journal of Marketing, 23, 239–243.
112.
Zielske HubertA.Henry WalterA. (1980), Remembering and forgetting television ads, Journal of Advertising Research, vol. 20, 2 (April), 7–13.