A joint Ad Hoc Committee of the American Society of Lipo-Suction Surgery (ASLSS) and the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery (AACS) was formed to create the following guidelines for liposuction surgery. The members of this committee include: Jim E. Gilmore, MD; Robert W. Alexander MD, DMD; Ronald A. Fragen, MD; Dee Anna Glaser, MD; Kevin Pinski, MD; and Jacob Varon, MD. The ASLSS Advisory Council reviewed the guidelines in May 2002. These revised guidelines were presented to and passed by the AACS Board of Trustees on October 3, 2002.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AgrisJ. Autologous fat transplantation: A three-year study. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:95.
2.
AhkamiS. A detailed procedure for the application of suction lipectomy to the buttocks, including the “Bermuda Triangle.”Am J Cosm Surg. 1989:6:39.
3.
AlexanderRW. Liposculpture in the superficial plane: Closed syringe system for improvements in fat removal and free fat transfer. Am J Cosm Surg. 1994;11:127.
4.
AronsohnRB. Lipo-suction of the naso-labial fold: A preliminary report. Am J Cosm Surg. 1984;2: 51–56.
5.
AskenS. Autologous fat transplantation: Micro and macro techniques. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:111.
6.
BarvchinAMBen-DorDEventhalD. Starch granuloma following liposuction—the persisting hazards. Am J Cosm Surg. 1995;12:165.
7.
BenzaguenIChajchirA. Lipo-suction and obesity: Care and handling undergoing large or combined procedures. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:9.
8.
BerdeguerP. Five years of experience using fat for leg contouring. Am J Cosm Surg. 1995;21:221.
9.
BernsteinGHankeW. Safety of liposuction: A review of 9,478 cases performed by dermatologists. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988;14:1112–1114.
10.
BircollM. Autologous fat transplantation: An evaluation of microcalcification and fat cell survivability following (AFT) cosmetic breast augmentation. Am J Cosm Surg. 1988;5:283.
11.
BircollM. A nine-year experience with autologous fat transplant. Am J Cosm Surg. 1992;9:55.
12.
BisacciaEScarboroughDA. Breast enlargement after liposuction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1990;7:97.
13.
BottaSA. Case report: Total circumferential lower extremity lipoplasty. Am J Cosm Surg. 1991;8: 133.
14.
BottaSAChoiCS. Brachioplasty in combination with suction lipectomy. Am J Cosm Surg. 1989: 6:21.
15.
BottiG. Suction-assisted lipectomy: A new way to prevent postsurgical skin waves. Am J Cosm Surg. 1988;5:163.
16.
BottiGDePaoliGFVilledieuR. New pre- and post-operative care for suction-assisted lipectomy patients: Electronic selection and dermatopharmacologic treatment. Am J Cosm Surg. 1992;9:43.
17.
BoutboulGCohenJ-LBouloudnineG. Ultrasonic lipoplasty: Physical basis, adipolytic effect, cadaver research, and clinical studies. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:281–288.
18.
CambellGLLaudenslagerNNewmanJ. The effect of mechanical stress on adipocyte morphology and metabolism. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:89.
ClaytonDNClaytonJNLindleyTSClaytonJL. Large volume lipoplasty. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16: 305.
21.
ColemanWPIII. Non-cosmetic applications of liposuction. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988;14:1085–1090.
22.
ColemanWPIII. The history of liposuction surgery. In: LillisPJColemanWPIII, eds. Dermatology Clinics. Vol. 8. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1990: 381–383.
23.
ColemanWPIII. Liposuction. In: ColemanWP, eds. Cosmetic Surgery of the Skin. Vol. 8. Philadelphia, Pa: BC Decker; 1991:213–223.
24.
ColemanWPIIIHankeCW. The evolution of anesthesia for liposuction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1992;9: 249.
25.
ColemanWPIIIHankeCWLillisPBernsteinGNarisR. Does the location of the surgery or the specialty of the physician affect malpractice claims in liposuction?Dermatol Surg. 1999;25:343–347.
26.
ColemanW. The efficacy of powered liposuction. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:735.
27.
CristomoRFJr. Hyperhidrosis axillae treated by liposuction curettage. Am J Cosm Surg. 1989;6:117.
28.
CristomoRFJr. Combined liposuction and mini-abdominoplasty. Am J Cosm Surg. 1990;7:167.
29.
DavisPLNarayananKLiangMDFutrellJW. Magnetic resonance imaging of facial lipodystrophy: Pre- and post-adipose injection. Am J Cosm Surg. 1989;6:249.
30.
De JongRH. Body mass index: Risk predictor for cosmetic day surgery. Int J Cosm Surg. 2002;4(1):3.
31.
De JongRHGrazerFM. Perioperative management of cosmetic liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:1039.
32.
De JongRH. Body mass index: Risk predictor for cosmetic day surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108:556.
33.
Di GiuseppeA. Ultrasonically assisted lipo-sculpting: Physical and technical principles and clinical applications. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:317–330.
34.
DillerudE. Suction lipoplasty: A report on complications, undesired results and patient satisfactions based on 3,511 procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;88:239.
DolskyRLFetzekJAndersonR. Evaluations of blood loss during lipo-suction surgery. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:257.
37.
DolskyRLAskenSNguyenA. Surgical removal of lipoma by lipo-suction surgery. Am J Cosm Surg. 1986;3:27.
38.
DrakeLA. Guidelines of care for liposuction for American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:489–494.
39.
ElamMV. Lipo-suction contouring of the knee and ankle. Am J Cosm Surg. 1986;3(suppl 1S): 12.
40.
ElamMVBerkowitzF. Submental and submandibular lipectomy by lipo-suction surgery. Am J Cosm Surg. 1986;3(suppl 1):3.
41.
ElamMV. Knee, calf, ankle lipo-suction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1986;3:3.
42.
EllisMS. Credentialing in lipo-suction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1988;5:107.
43.
ErianA. A new simplified method of liposuction of the neck which is also suitable for lipotransfer. Am J Cosm Surg. 1988;5:181.
44.
ErsekRASambranoJSviakGSDentanDR. Suction-assisted lipectomy for correction of 202 figure faults in 101 patients: Indications, limitations and applications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78:615.
45.
EscobedoBM. Liposuction classification. Am J Cosm Surg. 1989;6:165.
46.
FelmanG. Major lipodystrophy and repeated lipo-suction: Lipo-suction as an auxiliary method for conventional plastic surgery of the abdominal wall. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:1.
47.
FelmanG. Fat suction and fat reinjection. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:189.
48.
FerreiraJA. Complications in liposuction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1993;10:259.
49.
FerreiraJA. Lipoplasty in the treatment of obesity. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:251–256.
50.
FieldL. The dermatologist and liposuction: A history. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987;13:1040–1041.
51.
FieldLMSpinowitzAL. Flap elevation and mobilization by blunt liposuction cannula dissection in reonstructive surgery. In: LillisPFColemanWPIII, eds. Dermatology Clinics. Vol. 8. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1990:493–500.
52.
FintsiY. Response. Am J Cosm Surg1997;14: 360.
53.
FischerAFischerG. First surgical treatment for molding body's cellulite with three 5-mm incisions. Bull Int Acad Cosm Surg. 1976;3:35.
54.
FischerG. Liposculpture: The “correct” history of liposuction, part I. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990;16:1087–1089.
55.
FischerG. The history of lipo-sculpture and surgical technique of the year 2000. Am J Cosm Surg. 1995;12:211.
56.
FischerG. Orthostatic liposculpture. Am J Cosm Surg. 1995;12:211.
57.
FischerG. The evolution of liposculpture. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:231–240.
58.
FournierPF. Chance and lipoextraction: Thoughts and progression in lipoplasty (reduction and augmentation). Am J Cosm Surg. 1988;5:249.
59.
FournierPF. Is reduction liposculpturing justified?Am J Cosm Surg. 1993;10:259.
60.
FournierPF. Technical advances in liposculpture. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:229–230.
61.
FournierPF. Therapeutic megalipoextraction or megaliposculpture: Indications, technique, complications and results. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:297–310.
62.
FultonJE. Breast contouring by autologous fat transfer. Am J Cosm Surg. 1992;9:273.
63.
GasparottiM. Superficial liposuction: A new application of the technique for aged and flaccid skin. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1992;16:141.
64.
GasperoniCSalgarelloM. Rationale of sub-dermal superficial liposuction related to the anatomy of subcutaneous fat and the superficial fascial system. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1995;19:13.
65.
GoodpastureJCBurkisJ. Quantitative analysis of blood and fat in suction lipectomy aspirates. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;78:765.
66.
GrecoRJ. Massive liposuction in the moderately obese patient: A preliminary study. Aesthetic Surg J. 1997;17:87.
67.
GrossCWBeckerDGLindseyWH. The soft-tissue shaving procedure for removal of adipose tissue: A new, less traumatic approach than liposuction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1117.
68.
GrunerCL. Aesthetics of liposuction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1995;12:77.
69.
GumucioCABennieJBFernandoB. Plasma lidocaine levels during augmentation mammoplasty and suction-assisted lipectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;84:624.
70.
HankeCWBernsteinGBullockS. Safety of tumescent liposuction in 15,336 patients. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1995;21:459–462.
71.
Hernandez-PerezE. Is it safe to aspirate large volumes of fat? The present experience in El Salvador. Am J Cosm Surg. 1989;6:97.
72.
HetterGP. Blood and fluid replacement for lipoplasty procedures. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16:245.
73.
HildrethB. Liposuction and serum lipids. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:345–346.
74.
HowesRM. The “Howes” and whys of liposuction surgery. Am J Cosm Surg. 1986;3(suppl 1):7.
75.
IllouzY-Gde VillersYT. Body Sculpting by Lipoplasty. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1989.
76.
IllouzY-G. Refinements in the lipoplasty techniques. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16:217.
77.
JacksonRF. Frozen fat—does it work?Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:339–344.
78.
JacksonRFDolskyRL. Liposuction: A practitioner profile. Am J Cosm Surg. 1999;16:13–15.
79.
JacksonRFDolskyRL. Current practice standards in liposuction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1999;16:17–19.
80.
JacksonRFDolskyRL. Liposuction and patient safety. Am J Cosm Surg. 1999;16:21–23.
81.
JonesJKLylesME. The viability of human adipocytes after closed-syringe liposuction harvest. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:275–280.
82.
KleinJA. The tumescent technique for liposuction surgery. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:263–267.
83.
KleinJA. Tumescent technique for regional anesthesia permits lidocaine doses of 35 mg/kg for liposuction: Peak plasma concentrations are diminished and delayed 12 hours. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990;16:248–263.
84.
KleinJA. The tumescent technique: Anesthesia and modified liposuction technique. Dermatol Clin. 1990;8:425.
85.
KovacSRPignottiBJ. Liposuction cannula: Potential for problems?Am J Cosm Surg. 1988;5:275.
86.
LackEB. Fat metabolism and its relevance to liposuction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:263–268.
PitmanGHTeimourianB. Suction lipectomy: Complications and results by survey. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;76:65.
106.
PitmanGH. Liposuction and Aesthetic Surgery. St. Louis, Mo: Quality Medical Publishing; 1993.
107.
ReplogleSL. Experience with tumescent technique in lipoplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1993;17:205.
108.
SattlerGSommerB. Liporecycling: Immediate and delayed. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:311–316.
109.
SaylanZ. Comparison of the conventional and the ultrasound methods of liposuction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1995;12:219.
110.
SaylanZ. Comparison of conventional and ultrasonic methods of liposuction: Update. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:335–338.
111.
ShiffmanMA. Principles of liposculption. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:331–334.
112.
ShiffmanMA. A complication of liposuction surgery. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:349–350.
113.
ShiffmanMMirrafatiS. Fate transfer techniques: The effect of harvest and transfer methods in adipocyte viability and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:819.
114.
ShoshaniO. The role of frozen storage in preserving adipose tissue by suction-assisted lipectomy. Dermatol Surg. 2001;27:645.
115.
SidorV. Megalipotherapy: Problems and results. Am J Cosm Surg. 1997;14:241–250.
116.
SpencerDMSpencerTSGibbsJS. Splenic and portal vein thrombosis following liposuction. Am. J Cosm Surg. 199; 14:347–348.
117.
TalmorMHoffmanLALiebermanM. Intestinal perforation after suction lipoplasty: A case report and review of the literature. Ann Plast Surg. 1997;38: 169.
118.
TeimourianBRogersWBIII. A national survey of complications associated with suction lipectomy: A comparative study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;84:628.
119.
TobinHA. Large-volume lipo-suction: Planned staged treatment in the obese patient. Am J Cosm Surg. 1987;4:61.
120.
TobinHA. Lipo-suction surgery of the knees. Am J Cosm Surg. 1988;5:45.
121.
TobinHA. Tumescent liposuction under general anesthesia. Am J Cosm Surg. 1992;9:49.
122.
TroilusC. Ten year evolution of liposuction. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1996;20:201.
123.
VidaVTGanchiAGanchiPA. Liposuction and pregnancy. Am J Cosm Surg. 1990;7:9.
124.
YvorchukW: Modified Gasporatti superficial liposuction. Am J Cosm Surg. 1995;12:301.
