Lead Levels in Exposed Herring Gulls: Differences in the Field and Laboratory

Anon (1993). "Toxicity tests in animals: extrapolating to risk." Environ. Health Perspect. 101:396-401.

Barnthouse, L.W. (1992). "The role of models in ecological risk assessment: a 1990s perspective." Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:1751-1760.

Bartell, S.M. , Gardner, R.H. , and O'Neill, R.V. (1992). Ecological Risk Estimation Lewis. Boca Raton, FL.

Barton, J.C. , Conrad, M.E. , Harrison, L. , and Nuby, S. (1978). "Effects of calcium on the absorption and retention of lead." J. Lab. Clin. Med. 91:366-376.

Burger, J. (1984). "Pattern, mechanism, and adaptive significance of territoriality in herring gulls (Larus argentatus)." Ornitholog. Monogr. 34:1-91.

Burger, J. (1990). "Behavior effects of early postnatal lead exposure in herring gull (Larus argentatus) chicks." Pharmacol. Biochem. Behavior 35:7-13.

Burger, J. (1994). "Metals in avian feathers: bioindicators of environmental pollution." Rev. Environ. Toxicol. 5:203-311.

Burger, J. (1995). "A risk assessment for lead in birds." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 45:101-128.

Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. (1993). "Lead and behavioral development in young herring gulls: effects of timing of exposure on individual recognition." Fundam. Applied Toxicol. 21:187-195.

Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. (1994a). "An avian model for investigating critical periods for lead exposure on neurobehavioral development." In: Hazardous Waste and Public Health: International Congress on the Health Effects of Hazardous Waste. (J.S. Andrews Jr. et al., eds.) Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 598-605.

Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. (1994b). "Behavioral impairments of lead-injected young herring gulls in nature." Fundam. Applied Toxicol. 23:553-561.

Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. (1995a). "Ecological and human health risk assessment: a comparison." In: Interconnections Between Human and Ecosystem Health. (R.T. DiGiullio and E. Monosson, eds.). Chapman and Hall. London, UK.

Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. (1995b). "Behavior effects of lead exposure on different days for gull (Larus argentatus) chicks." Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 50:97-105.

Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. (1995c). "Heavy metal and selenium concentrations in eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus): temporal differences from 1989 to 1994." Archiv. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29:192-197.

Fullmer, C.S. (1991). "Intestinal calcium and lead absorption: effects of dietary lead and calcium." Environ. Res. 54:159-169.

Koranda, J. , Moore, K. , Stuart, M. , and Conrado, C. (1979). Dietary Effects on Lead Uptake and Trace Element Distribution in Mallard Ducks Dosed with Lead Shot Report UCID-18044. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Environmental Science Division. Berkeley, CA.

National Research Council (Nrc) (1983). Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process National Academy Press. Washington, DC.

National Research Council (Nrc) (1993). Issues in Risk Assessment National Academy Press. Washington, DC.

Okkerman, P.C. , Plassche, E.J.V.D. , Slooff, W.C. , Van Leeuwan, C.J. , and Canton, J.H. (1991). "Ecotoxicological effects assessment: a comparison of several extrapolation procedures." Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 21:182-193.

Petering, H.G. (1978). "Some observations on the interactions of zinc, copper, and iron metabolism in lead and cadmium toxicity." Environ. Health Perspect. 25:141-145.

Schneiderman, M.A. , Mantel, N. , and Brown, C.C. (1975). "From mouse to man — or how to get from the laboratory to Park Avenue and 59th Street." Annals NY Acad. Sci. 246:237-248.

Suter, G.W. II (1993). Ecological Risk Assessment Lewis, Boca Raton, FL.

Walsh, P.M. (1990). "The use of seabirds as monitors of heavy metals in the environment." In: Heavy metals in the marine environment. (R.W. Furness and P.S. Rainbow, eds.) CRC Press , Boca Raton, FL. pp. 183-204.

Wetz, B. , Metcher, M. , and Schlemmer, G. (1983). "Determination of selenium in human blood serum: comparison of two atomic absorption spectrometric procedures." Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 316:271-276.