An Overview of Some Reproductive Toxicology Studies Conducted At Health Canada

Akiyama, K. , Ohi, G. , Fijitani, K. , Yagyu, H. , Ogino, M. , and Kawana, T. (1975). "Polychlorinated biphenyl residues in maternal and cord blood in Tokyo metropolitan area." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14:588-92.

Babineau, K.A. , Singh, A. , Jarrell, J.F. , and Villeneuve, D.C. (1991). "Surface epithelium of the ovary following oral administration of hexachlorobenzene to the monkey ." J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 23:457-464.

Bechter, R. and Hall, L. (1987). "In vitro embryotoxicity and teratogenic potential of etretinate and etretin." Toxic in vitro 1:225-231.

Brawer, J.R. , Munoz, M. , and Farookhi, R. (1986). "Development of the polycystic ovarian condition (PCO) in the estradiol valerate-treated rat." Biol. Reprod. 35:647-655.

Brawer, J.R. , Beaudet, A. , Desjardin, G.C. , and Schipper, H.M. (1993). "Pathological effect of estradiol on the hypothalamus ." Biol. Reprod. 49:647-652.

Brodet, F. , Mallet, J. , Maurice, L. , Borrel, S. , and Venant, A. (1993). "Organochlorine pesticides and PCB congener content of French human milk." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50:425-432.

Bulger, W.H. , Feil, V.J. , and Kupfer, D. (1985). "Role of hepatic monooxygenases in generating estrogenic metabolites from methoxychlor and from its identified contaminants ." Mol. Pharmacol. 27:115-124.

Chia, S.-E. , Ong, C.N. , Lee, S.T. , and Tsakok, F.H.M. (1992). "Blood concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, zinc, and copper and human semen parameters." Arch. Androl. 29:177-183.

Coucouvanis, E.C. , Sherwood, S.H. , Carswell-Crumpton, C. , Spack, E.G. , and Jones, P.P. (1993). "Evidence that the mechanism of prenatal germ cell death in the mouse is apoptosis." Exp. Cell Res. 209:238-247.

Cummings, A.M. and Gray, L.E. (1987). "Methoxychlor effects the decidual cell response of the uterus but not other progestational paeameters in female rats." Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 90:330-336.

Cummings, A.M. and Gray, L.E. (1989). "Antifertility effect of methoxychlor in female rats: dose-and time-dependent blockade of pregnancy." Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 97:454-462.

Davis, B.J. , Maronpot, R.R. , and Heindel, J.J. (1994). "Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses estradiol and ovulation in cycling rats." Toxicol Appl Pharm. 128:216-223.

Dobson, R.L. and Felton, J.S. (1983). "Female germ cell loss from radiation and chemical exposures." Amer. J. Ind. Med. 4:175-190.

Eroschenko, V.P. , and Cooke, P.S. (1990). "Morphological and biochemical alterations in the reproductive tracts of neonatal female mice treated with the pesticide methoxychlor." Biol. Reprod. 42:573-583.

Eroschenko, V.P. , Abuel-Atta, A.A. , and Grober, M.S. (1995). "Neonatal exposure to technical methoxychlor alters ovaries in adult mice." Reprod. Tox. 9:379-387.

Fein, G.G. , Jacobson, J.L. , Jacobson, S.W. , Schwartz, P.M. , and Dowler, J.K. (1984). "Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: effects on birth size and gestational age." J. Pediat. 105: 315-320.

Fishel, S.D. , Edwards, R.G. , and Walters, D.E. (1992). "Follicular steroids as a prognosticator of successful fertilization of human oocytes in vitro." J. Endocrinol. 99:335-344.

Foster, W.G. , McMahon, A. , and Villeneuve, D.C. (1992a). "Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) suppresses circulating progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase in the cynomolgus monkey." J. Appl. Toxicol. 12:13-17.

Foster, W.G. , Pentick, J.A. , McMahon, A. , and Lecavalier, P.R. (1992b). "Ovarian toxicity of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the superovualted female rat." J. Biochem. Toxicol. 7:1-4.

Foster, W.G. , McMahon, A. , Younglai, E.V. , Jarrell, J.F. , and Lecavalier, P. (1995). "Alterations in circulating ovarian steroids in hexachlorobenzene exposed monkeys." Reprod. Toxicol. 9:541-548.

Fox, G.A. (1992). "Epidemiological and pathobiological evidence of contaminants-induced alterations in sexual development in free-living wildlife ." In: Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection. ( T. Colborn and C. Clement , eds). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Princeton, NJ . pp. 147-158.

Frank, R. , Rasper, J. , Smout, M.S. , and Braun, H.E. (1988). "Organochlorine residues in adipose tissues, blood and milk from Ontario residents, 1976-1985." Can. J. Pub. Health 79:150-158.

Gilbertson, M. , Kubiak, T. , Ludwig, J. , and Fox, G. (1991). "Great lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds: similarity to chick-edema disease." J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 33:455-520.

Goldenberg, R.L. , Vaitukaitis, J.L. , and Ross, G.T. (1972). "Estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone interactions on folicle growth in rats." Endocrinology 90:1492-1498.

Halling, A. and Forsberg, J.-G. (1990). "Ovarian reproductive function after exposure to diethylstilbestrol in neonatal life." Biol. Reprod. 43:472-477.

Hemminki, K. , Axelson, O. , Niemi, M.L. , and Ahlborg, G. (1983). "Assessment of methods and results of reproductive occupational epidemiology: spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of working women." Am. J. Ind. Med. 4:293-307.

Hemminki, K. , Kyyronen, P. , and Lindbohm, M.L. (1985). "Spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring on nurses exposed to anaesthetic gases, cytostatic drugs, and other potential hazards in hospitals based on registered information of outcome ." J. Epidemiol. Community Health 39:141-147.

Hirshfield, A.N. (1991). "Development of follicles in the mammalian ovary ." Int. Rev. Cytol. 124:43-101.

Hirshfield, A.N. (1994). "The relationship between the supply of primordial follicles and the onset of follicular growth in rats." Biol. Reprod. 50:421-428.

Hockenberry, D.M. , Oltvai, Z.N. , Yin, X.-M. , Milliman, C.L. , and Korsmeyer, S.J. (1993). "Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis." Cell 75:241-251.

Hsueh, A.J.W. , Adashi, E.Y. , Jones, P.B.C. , and Welsh, T.H. , JR. (1984). "Hormonal regulation of the differentiation of cultured ovarian granulosa cells." Endocrine Rev. 5:76-127.

Hsueh, A.J.W. , Billig, H. , and Tsafiri, A. (1995). "Ovarian follicle atresia: a hormonally controlled apoptotic process." Endocr. Rev. 15:707-724.

Hughes, F.M. , JR. and Gorospe, W.C. (1991). "Biochemical identification of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in granulosa cells: evidence for a potential mechanism underlying follicular atresia." Endocrinology 129:2415-2422.

Jacobson, J.L. , Humphrey, H.E.B. , Jacobson, S.W. , Schantz, S.L. , Mullin, M.D. , and Welch, R. (1989). "Determinants of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and dichlorodiphenyl trichlorethane (DDT) levels in the sera of young children." Am. J. Pub. Health 79:1401-1404.

Jarrell, J.F. , McMahon, A. , Villeneuve, D. , Franklin, C. , Singh, A. , Valli, V.E. , and Bartlett, S. (1993a). "Hexachlorobenzene toxicity in the monkey primordial germ cell without induced porphyria." Reprod. Toxicol. 7:41-47.

Jarrell, J.F. , Villeneuve, D. , Franklin, C. , Bartlett, S. , Wrixon, W. , Kohut, J. , and Zouves, C. (1993b). "Contamination of human ovarian follicular fluid and serum by chlorinated organic compounds in three Canadian cities." Can. Med. Assoc. J. 148:1321-1327.

Jensen, S. (1989). "Background levels in humans." In: Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dienzodioxins and Related Products. ( R.D. Kimbrough and A.A. Jensen , eds.). Oxford, New York; Elsevier, Amsterdam . pp. 345-380.

Jensen, S. and Sundstrom, G. (1974). "Structures and levels of most chlorobyphenyl in two technical PCB products and in human adipose tissue." Ambio. 3:70-76.

Kane, D.J.J. , Sarafian, T.A. , Anton, R. , Hahn, H. , Gralla, E.B. , VALENTINE, J.S., ORD, T., and BREDESEN, D.E. (1993). " Bcl-2 inhibition of neural death: decreasedgeneration of reactive oxygen species ." Science 262:1274-1277.

Kannan, N. , Tanabe, S. , and Tatsukawa, R. (1988). "Potentially hazardous residues of non-ortho chlorine substituted coplanar PCBs in human adipose tissue." Arch. Environ. Health 43:11-14.

Kholkute, S.D. , Rodriguez, J. , and Dukelow, W.R. (1994). "Reproductive toxicity of Aroclor-1254: effects on oocyte, spermatoza, in vitro fertilization, and embryo development in the mouse." Reprod. Toxicol. 8:487-493.

Koering, M.J. , Danforth, D.R. , and Hodgen, G.D. (1991). "Early folliculogenesis inprimate ovaries: testing the role of estrogen." Biol. Reprod. 45:890-897.

Kohama, S.G. , Anderson, C.P. , OSTERBURG, H.H., MAY, P.C., and FINCH, C.E. (1989). " Oral administration of estradiol to young C57BL/6J mice induces age-like neuroendocrine dysfunctions in the regulation of estrous cycles." Biol. Reprod. 41:227-232.

Krauthacker, B. (1993). "Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human serum collected from the general population from Zagreb (1985-1990)." Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50:8-11.

Li, X. , Johnson, D.C. , and Rozman, K.K. (1995). "Reproductive effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in female rats: ovulation, hormonal regulation. and possible mechanism(s) ." Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 133:321-327.

Mattison, D.R. , Shiromizu, K. , and Nightingale,, M.S. (1983). "Oocyte destruction bypolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Amer. J. Ind. Med. 4:191-202.

McConkey, D.J. , Hartzell, P. , Nicotera, P. , Wyllie, A.H. , and Orrenius, S. (1988). "Stimulation of endogenous endonuclease activity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress." Toxicol. Lett. 42:123-130.

Müller, W.F. , Hobson, W. , Fuller, G.B. , Knauf, W. , Coulston, F. , and Korte, F. (1986). "Endocrine effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in rhesus monkeys." Ecotox. Environ. Safety 2:161-172.

Murphy, R. and Harvey, C. (1985). "Residues and metabolites of selected persistent halogenated hydrocarbons in blood specimens from a general population survey ." Environ. Health Perspect. 60:115-120.

Newsome, W.H. and Andrews, P. (1993). "Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in commercial fish from the Great Lakes." J. AOAC Intl. 76:707-710.

Olshan, A.F. , Teschke, K. , and Baird, P.A. (1990). "Birth defects among offspring of firemen." Am. J. Epidemiol. 131:312-321.

Oltvai, Z.N. and Korsmeyer, S.J. (1994). "Checkpoints of deuling dimers foil death wishes ." Cell 79:189-192.

Peltola, V. , Mantyla, E. , Huhtaniemi, I. , and Ahotupa, M. (1994). "Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in the rat testis after cigarette smoke inhalation or administration of polychlorinated biphenyls or polychlorinated naphthalenes." J. Androl. 15:353-361.

Pesce, M. , and De Felici, M. (1994). "Apoptosis in mouse primordial germ cells: a study by transmission and scanning electron microscopy." Anat. Embryol. 189:435-440.

Plowchalk, D.R. and Mattison, D.R. (1991). "Phosphoramide mustard is responsible for the ovarian toxicity of cyclophosphamide." Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 107:472-481.

Ratts, V.S. , Flaws, J.A. , Kolp, R. , Sorenson, C.M. , and Tilly, J.L. (1995). "Ablation of bcl-2 gene expression decreases the numbers of oocytes and primordial follicles established in the postnatal female gonad." Endocrinology 136:3665-3668.

Reed, J.C. (1994). "Bcl-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death ." J. Cell Biol. 124:1-6.

Robinson, P.E. , Mack, G.A. , Remmers, J. , Levy, R. , and Mohadjer, L. (1990). "Trends of PCB, hexachlorobenzene, and β-benzene hexachlorine levels in the adipose tissue of the U.S. population." Environ. Res. 53:175-192.

Rowland, A.S. , Baird, D.D. , Weinberg, C.R. , SHORE, D.L., SHY, C.M., and WILCOX, A.J. (1992). "Reduced fertility among women employed as dental assistants exposed to high levels of nitrous oxide." New Eng. J. Med. 327:993-997.

Schlebusch, H. , Wagner, U. , Van Der Ven, H. , Al-Hasani, S. , Diedrich, K. , and Krebs, D. (1989). "Polychlorinated biphenyls: The occurence of the main congeners in follicular and sperm fluids." J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 27:663-667.

Seiler, P. , Fiskher, B. , Linderam, A. , and Brier, H.M. (1994). "Effects of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons on fertility and embryonic development in the rabbit." Human Reprod. 9:1920-1926.

Slorach, S.A. and Vaz, R. (1985). "PCB levels in breast milk: Data from the UNEP/WHO pilot project on biological monitoring and some other recent studies." Environ. Health Perspect. 60:121-126.

Smith, B.J. , Mattison, D.R. , and Sipes, I.G. (1990). "The role of epoxidation in 4-vinylcyclohexene-induced ovarian toxicity." Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 105:372-381.

Smith, B.J. , Plowchalk, D.R. , Sipes, I.G. , and Mattison, D.R. (1991). "Comparison of random and serial sections in assessment of ovarian toxicity." Reprod. Tox. 5:379-383.

Stachel, B. , Dougherty, R.C. , Lahl, U. , Schlosser, M. , and Zeschmar, B. (1989). "Toxic environment chemicals in human semen: analytical methods and case studies." Andrologia 21:282-291.

Szymczynski, G.A. and Waliszewski, S.M. (1981). "Comparison of content of chlorinated pesticide residues in human semen, testicles, and fat tissue ." Andrologia 13:250-252.

Tilly, J.L. and Tilly, K.I. (1995). "Inhibitors of oxidative stress mimic the ability of follicle-stimulating hormone to suppress apoptosis in cultured rat follicles ." Endocrinology 136:242-252.

Tilly, J.L. , Billig, H. , Kowalski, K.I. , and Hseuh, A.J.W. (1992). "Epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor suppress the spontaneous onset of apoptosis in 2 cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells and follicles by a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism ." Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1942-1950.

Tilly, J.L. , Tilly, K.I. , Kenton, M.L. , and Johnson, AL (1995). "Expression of the members of the bcl-2 gene family in the immature rat ovary: equine chorionic gonadotropin-mediated inhibition of granulosa cell apoptosis is associated with decreased bax and constitutive bcl-2 and bcl-XLong messenger ribonucleic acid levels." Endocrinology 136:232-241.

Tobin, P. (1986). "Known and potential sources of hexachlorobenzene ." In: Hexachlorobenzene: Proceedings of an International Symposium. (C.R. Morris, and J.R.R. Carbal, eds.). International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons. pp. 3-11.

Trapp, M. , Baukloh, V. , Bohnet, H.-G. , and Heeschen, W. (1984). "Pollutants in human follicular fluid." Fertil. Steril. 42:146-148.

Tullner, W.W. (1961). "Uterotrophic action of the insecticide methoxychlor ." Science 133:647-648.

Van Hove Holdrinet, Van M. , Braun, H.E. , Frank, R. , Stopps, G.J. , Smout, M.S. , and McWade, J.W. (1977). "Organochlorine residues in human adipose tissue and milk from Ontario residents, 1969-1974." Can. J. Pub. Health 68:74-80.

Whorton, M.D. , Krauss, R.M. , Marshall, S. , and Milby, T.H. (1977). "Infertility in male pesticide workers." Lancet 2:1259-1261.

Whorton, M.D. , Milby, T.H. , Krauss, R.M. , and Stubbs, H.A. (1979). "Testicular function in DBCP exposed pesticides workers." J. Occup. Med. 21:161-166.

Younglai, E.V. , Foster, W.G. , and Jarrell. J.F. (1995). "Relationship between environmental contaminants in human reproductive fluids and results of in vitro fertilization." Abstract FPB16. Can. Fert. Androl. Soc. p. 50.

Yu, B.P. (1994). "Cellular defenses against damage from reactive oxygen species." Physiol. Rev. 74:139-162.