Biological Antioxidant Defenses

Akaike T. , Ando M. , Oda T. 1990. Dependence on O₂- generation by xanthine oxidase on pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in mice. J Clin. Invest. 85: 739–745.

Ames B.A. , Catchard R. , Schwiers E. , and Hochstein P. 1981. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radical-caused aging and cancer: A hypothesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 6858–6862.

Aruoma O.I. , and Haliwell B. 1987. Superoxide-dependent and ascorbate-dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron. Biochem. J. 241: 273–278.

Beckman J.S. , Beckman T.W. , Chen J. , Marshall P.A. , and Freeman B.A. 1990. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implication for endothelial cell injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1620–1624.

Buckberg G.D. , Hayborn D. , Matheis G.Z. , Sherman M. , and Ignarro L. 1992. Myocardial reoxygenation injury after ischemia is mediated by the L-argininenitric oxide pathway. Cir. Res. In Press.

Chance B. , Sies H. , and Boveris A. 1979. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol. Rev. 59: 527–605.

Chow K.C. 1991. Vitamin E and oxidative stress. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 11: 215–232.

Christen S. , Peterhans E. , and Stocker R. 1990. Antioxidant activities of some tryptophan metabolites: Possible implication for inflammatory diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87: 2506–2510.

D'Aquino M. , Dunster C. , Willson R.L. 1989. Vitamin A and glutathione-mediated free radical damage: competing reactions with polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 161: 1199–1203.

Dawson V. , Dawson T. , London E. , Brent D. , and Snyder S. 1991. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 6368–6371.

Del Maestro R. , McDonald W. 1989. Subcellular localization of superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in developing rat cerebral cortex. Mech. Aging Dev. 48: 15–31.

Flohé L. 1988. Superoxide dismutase for therapeutic use: clinical experience, dead ends and hopes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 84: 123–131.

Freeman B.A. , and Crapom J.D. 1982. Biology of disease: Free radicals and tissue injury. Lab. Invest. 47: 412–426.

Freeman B.A. , and Crapo J.D. 1981. Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lungs and lung mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 10986–10992.

Frei B. , Kim M.C. , and Ames B.A. 1990. Ubiquinol-10 is an effective lipid soluble antioxidant at physiological concentrations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87: 4879–4883.

Fridovich I. 1989. Superoxide dismutases: an adaptation to a paramagnetic gas. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 7761–7764.

Fridovich I. 1986. Biological effects of superoxide radical. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 247: 1–11.

Friedl H.P. , Till G.O. , Trentz O. , and Ward P.A. 1989. Roles of histamines, complement and xanthine oxidase in thermal injury of skin. Am. J. Path. 135: 203–217.

Galaris D. , Cadenas E. , and Hochstein P. 1989. Redox eyeing of myoglobin against oxidative reperfusion injury in muscle. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 273: 497–504.

Gally J.A. , Montague P.R. , Reeke G.N. , and Edelman G.M. 1990. The NO hypothesis: Possible effects of a short-lived, rapidly diffusible signal in the development and function of the nervous systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87: 3547–3551.

Gardner P.R. , and Fridovich I. 1991. Superoxide sensitivity of the Escherichia Coli 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 1478–1483.

Gardner P.R. , and Fridovich I. 1991. Quinolate synthetase: The oxygen-sensitive site of de novo NAD(P)⁺ biosynthesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 284: 106–111.

Gardner P.R. , and Fridovich I. 1992. Superoxide sensitivity of the Escherichia Coli aconitase. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 8757–8763.

Gryglewski R.J. , Palmer R.M.J. , and Moncada S. 1986. Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxation factor. Nature 320: 454–456.

Halliwell B. , and Gutteridge J.M.C. 1986. Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: some problems and concepts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 246: 501–514.

Hibbs J.B. Jr , Taintor R.R. , Vavrin Z. , Rachlin E.M. 1988. Nitric oxide: a cytotoxic activated macrophage efector molecule. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 157: 87–94.

Ischiropoulos H. , Chen J. , Tsai J.H.M. 1990. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) reacts with superoxide dismutase to five the reactive nitronium ion (NO₂⁺) Free Rad. Biol. Med. 9, Supp.1: 131.

Jones D.P. , Eklow L. , Thor H. , and Orrehius S. 1981. Metabolism of hydrogen peroxide in isolated hepatocytes: relative contributions of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in decomposition of endogenously generated H₂O₂ Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 210: 505–516.

Kaur H. , and Halliwell B. 1990. Action of biological-relevant oxidizing species upon uric acid. Identification of uric acid oxidation products. Chem. Biol. Interactions. 73: 235–247.

Kohen R. , Yamamoto Y. , Cundy K. , and Ames B.N. 1988. Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarsonine and anserine present in muscle and brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 3175–3179.

Malmstrom B.G. 1982. Enzymology of oxygen. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 51: 21–59.

Marletta M.A. 1989. Nitric oxide: biosynthesis and biological significance. TIBS 14: 488–492.

Moncada S. , Palmer R.M.J. , and Higgs E.A. 1991. Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharm. Rev. 43: 109–142.

Mulligan M. , Hevel J. , Marletta M. , and Ward P. 1991. Tissue injury caused by deposition of immunecomplexes is L-arginine dependent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88: 6368–6371.

Niki E. , Kawakami A. , Yamamoto Y. , and Kamiya Y. 1985. Synergistic inhibition of oxidation of soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes in aqueous dispersion by vitamin E and vitamin C. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 58: 1971–1975.

Niki E. , Komuro E. , Takahashi M. , Urano S. , Ito E. , and Terao K. 1988. Oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes and its inhibition by free radical scavengers. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 19809–19814.

Niki E. , Saito T. , Kawakami A. , and Kamiya Y. 1984. Inhibition of oxidation methyl linoleate in solution by vitamin E and vitamin C. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 4177–4182.

Niki E. , Tsuchiya R. , Tannimura R. , and Kamiya Y. 1982. Regeneration of vitamin E from α-chromanoxy radical by glutathione and vitamin C. Chem. Lett. 789–792.

Nohl H. , and Jordan W. 1980. The metabolic fate of hydrogen peroxide. Eur. J. Biochem. 111: 203–210.

Parks D.A. , Tan S. , Wheat J. , and Evans A. 1990. Uric acid: physiologic antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 9, Supp. 1: 99.

Radi R. , Beckman J.S. , Bush K.M. , and Freeman B.A. 1991a. Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 4244–4250.

Radi R. , Beckman J.S. , Bush K.M. , and Freeman B.A. 1991b. Peroxynitrite-induced lipid peroxidation: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288: 481–487.

Radi R. , Thomson L. , Rubbo H. , and Prodanov E. 1991e. Cytochrome c-catalyzed oxidation of organic molecules by hydrogen peroxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288: 112–117.

Radi R. , Turrens J.F. , Freeman B.A. 1991e. Cytochrome c catalyzed lipid peroxidation by hydrogen peroxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 288: 118–125.

Radi R. , Rubbo H. , Thomson L. , and Prodanov E. 1990. Luminol chemiluminescence using xanthine and hypoxanthine as xanthine oxidase substrates. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 8: 121–126.

Radi R. , Tan S. , Prodavov E. , Evans R. , and Parks D.A. 1992. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by uric acid and its influence on superoxide radical production. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (In Press).

Radi R. , Turrens J.F. , Chang L.Y. , Bush K.M. , Crapo J.D. , and Freeman B.A. 1991c. Detection of catalase in rat heart mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 22028–22034.

Ross D. , Cotgreave I. , and Moldéus P. 1985. The interaction of reduced glutathione with active oxygen species generated by xanthine oxidase-catalyzed metabolism of xanthine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 841: 278–282.

Saran M. , Michel C. , and Bors W. 1990 Reactions of NO with O₂-. Implications for the action of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Free Rad. Res. Comm. 10: 221–226.

Sawyer D.T. , and Valentine J.S. 1981. How super is superoxide? Acc. Chem. Res. 14: 393–400.

Stocker R. , Yamamoto Y. , McDonagh A.F. , Glazer A.N. , and Ames B.N. 1987. Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science 235: 1043–1046.

Thayer W.S. 1986. Role of catalase in metabolism of hydrogen peroxide by the perfused rat heart. FEBS lett. 202: 137–140.

Tribble D.L. , and Jones D.P. 1990. Oxygen dependence of oxidative stress. Rate of NADPH supply for maintaining the GSH pool during hypoxia. Biochem. Pharmacol. 39: 729–736.

Wayner D.D.M. , Burton G.W. , Ingold K.U. , Barclay L.C.R. , and Locke S.J. 1987. The relative contributions of vitamin E, urate, ascorbate and proteins to the total peroxyl radical- trapping antioxidant activity of human blood plasma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 924: 408–419.

Yokoyama Y. , Beckman J.S. , Beckman T. , Wheat J.K. , Cash T.G. , Freeman B.A. , and Parks D.A. 1990. Circulating xanthine oxidase: potential mediator of ischemic injury. Am. J. Physiol. (Gastrointes. Liver Physiol) 258: G564–G570.

Zweier J.L. , Kupusamy P. , and Lutty G.A. 1988. Measurement of endothelial cell free radical generation: Evidence for a central mechanism of free radical injury in postischemic tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 4056–4050.