Specification of Metals and Metal Compounds: Implications for Biological Monitoring and Development of Regulatory Approaches

Bragt, P.C. and Van Dura, E.A. (1983). Toxicokinetics of hexavalent chromium in the rat after intratracheal administration of chromates of different solubilities . Ann. Occup. Hyg. 27:315-322.

Buchet, J.P. , Lauwerys, R. and Roels, H. (1981). Comparison of the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites after a single oral dose of sodium arsenite, monomethyl arsonate or dimethylarsinate in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health . 48:111-118.

Challenger, F. (1978). Biosynthesis of organometallic and organometalloidal compounds. In: Organometals and organometalloids. Brinckman, F.E. , Bellama, J.M. , eds. Symposium Series No. 82, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC, pp. 1-22.

Charbonneau, S.M. , Tam, F.B. and Collins, B. (1978). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of inorganic arsenic in the dog. Trace Subst. Environ. Health. 12:276-283.

Corvalho, S.M.M. and Ziemer, P.L. (1982) Distribution and clearance of 63NiCl2 in the rat: intratracheal study. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11:245-248.

Costa, M. , Simmons-Hansen, J. , Bedrosian, J. , Bonura, J. , Capriola, R.M. (1981). Phagocytosis, cellular distribution and carcinogenic activity of particulate nickel compounds in tissue culture. Cancer Res. 41:2868-2876.

Donaldson, R.M. , JR. and Barreras, R.F. (1966). Intestinal adsorption of trace quantities of chromium. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 68:484-493.

Furst, A. and Al-Mahraq, H. (1981). Excretion of nickel following intratracheal administration of the carbonate. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 24:119-121.

Garcia, J.D. and Wetterhahn-Jennette, I. (1981). Electron transport cytochrome P-450 system is involved in the microsomal metabolism of the carcinogen chromate . J. Inorg. Biochem. 14:281-295.

Graham, J.A. , Miller, F.S. , Daniels, M.J. , Payne, E.A. and Gardner, D.E. (1978). Influence of cadmium, nickel, and chromium in primary immunity in mice. Environ. Res. 16:77-87.

Heck, J.D. and Costa, M. (1982). Surface reduction of amorphous NiS particles potentiated their phagocytosis and subsequent induction of morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Cancer Lett. 15:19-26.

Henderson, R. , Shotwel, H.P. and Krause, L.A. (1974). Analyses of total, ionic and elemental mercury in urine as a basis for a biological standard. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 35:576-580.

Hursh, J.B. , Greenwood, M.R. , Clarkson, T.W. , Allen, J. and Demuth, S. (1980). The effect of ethanol in the fate of mercury vapor inhaled by man. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 214:520-527.

International Agency For Research On Cancer. ( 1980). Chromium and chromium compounds. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals in humans. 23:205-333.

International Agency For Research On Cancer. ( 1976). Nickel and nickel compounds. IARC Monographs . 2:75-112.

Kalliomaki, P.-L. , Rahkonen, E. , Vaaranen, V. and Kalliomaki, K. (1981). Lung-retained contaminants, urinary chromium and nickel among stainless steel welders. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 49:67-75.

Kodama, Y. , Tanaka, I. , Matsuno, K. , Ishimatsu, S. , Horie, A. and Tsuchiya, K. (1985). Pulmonary deposition and clearance of inhaled nickel oxide aerosol. In: Progress in Nickel Toxicology; Brown, S.S. ; Sunderman, F.W. , Jr. eds. Blackwells, Ltd. Oxford, England; pp. 81-84.

Kuehn, K. , and Sunderman, F.W. , JR. (1983). Dissolution half-times of nickel compounds in water, rat serum, and renal cytosol. J. Inorg. Biochem. 17:29-39.

Langard, S. and Norseth, T. (1979). Chromium. In: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Friberg, L. ; Nordberg, G.F. ; Vouk, V.B. , eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam; pp. 383-397.

Lerman, S.A. , Clarkson, T.W. and Gerson, R.J. (1983). Arsenic uptake and metabolism by liver cells is dependent on arsenic oxidation state. Chem.-Biol. Interactions . 45:401-406.

Lim, T.H. , Sargent, T. and Kusubov, V. (1983). Kinetics of trace element chromium (III) in the human body. Am. J. Physiol. 244:R445-R454.

Mahieu, P. , Buchet, J.P. , Roels, H. and Lauwerys, R. (1981). The metabolism of arsenic in humans acutely intoxicated by As2O3. Its significance for the duration of BAL therapy . Clin. Toxicol. 18:1067-1075.

Matheson, D.H. (1979). Mercury in the atmosphere and in precipitation . In: The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment. Nriagu, J.O. , ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam; pp. 113-129.

National Institute Of Occupational Safety And Health. (1975). Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to chromium (VI). Publications No. 76-129, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Cincinnati, Ohio .

National Institute Of Occupational Safety And Health. (1977). Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to inorganic nickel. Publications No. 77-164, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Nieboer, E. , Yassi, A. , Haines, A.T. and Jusys, A.A. (1984). Effects of chromium compounds on human health . Monograph of McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Contract Report to Ministry of Labor, Ontario, Canada: ISBN-0-7729-0193-7.

Rigaut, J.-P. (1983). Rapport Preparatoire Sur Les Criteres De Sante Pour Le Nickel (Preparative report on the health criteria for nickel), Publication of the Commission of the European Community Directorate General, Luxembourg.

Rowland, I.R. and Davies, M.J. (1982). Reduction and methylation of sodium arsenate in the rat. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2:294-299.

Solomons, N.W. , Viteri, F. , Shuler, T.R. and Nielsen, F.H. (1982). Bioavailability of nickel in man: Effects of foods and chemically-defined dietary constituents in the absorption of inorganic nickel. J. Nutr. 112:39-50.

Sunderman, F.W. , JR. (1984). Recent advances in metal carcinogenesis. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 14:93-122.

Sunderman, F.W. , JR. (1976). A review of the carcinogenicities of nickel chromium and arsenic compounds in man and animals. Prev. Med. 5:279-294.

Tam, K.H. , Charbonneau, S.M. , Bryce, E. and Lecroix, G. (1979). Metabolism of inorganic arsenic (As) in humans following oral ingestion. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 50:319-322.

Task Group On Lung Dynamics, International Commission On Radiological Protection. (1966). Deposition and retention models for internal dosimetry of the human respiratory tract. Health Phys. 12:173-307.

Torjussen, W. and Andersen, I. (1979). Nickel concentrations in nasal mucosa, plasma and urine in active and retired nickel workers. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 9:289-298.

Tsukamoto, H. , Parker, H.R. and Peoples, S.A. (1983). Metabolism and renal handling of sodium arsenate in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44:2331-2335.

Underwood, E.J. (1977). Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York; pp. 258-270.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. ( 1985). Health Assessment Document for Nickel. Final Report: EPA-600/8-83/012F, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment , Washington, DC.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. ( 1984a). Mercury Health Effects Update, Final Report: EPA-600/8-84-0915 , Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. ( 1984b). Health Assessment Document for Inorganic Arsenic. Final Report: EPA-600/8-83-012F, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. ( 1980). Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Mercury, EPA-440/ 5-80-058, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.

Vahter, M. and Envall, J. (1983). In vivo reduction of arsenate in mice and rabbits . Environ. Res. 32:14-25.

Vahter, M. and Norin, H. (1980). Metabolism of As-labeled trivalent and pentavalent inorganic arsenic in mice. Environ. Res. 21:446-457.

Valentine, R. and Fisher, G.L. (1984). Pulmonary clearance of intratracheally administered NiS in Strain A J mice. Environ. Res. 34:328-334.

Wehner, A.P. , Dagle, G.E. and Milliman, E.M. (1981). Chronic inhalation exposure of hamsters to nickel-enriched fly asy. Environ. Res. 26:195-216.

Williams, S.J. , Holden, K.M. , Sabransky, M. and Menzel, D.B. (1980). The distribution kinetics of Ni+ in the rat lung . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55:85-93.

World Health Organization. (1976). Mercury. Environmental Health Criteria.

Yamauchi, H. and Yamamura, Y. (1979). Urinary inorganic arsenic and methyl arsenic excretion following arsenate-rich seaweed ingestion. Japan. J. Ind. Health. 21:47-54. (English summary, tables, and figures).