Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2021-3
The concentration of benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene in ambient air of the gas stations in Iran: A systematic review and probabilistic health risk assessment
Exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) has been reported in gas stations. Exposure to BTEX can result in adverse health outcomes in workers such as cancer and neurological effects. The health risk assessments of exposure to BTEX could be useful in choosing suitable control measures. In this review, data from previous studies of gas station environments in Iran were collected from years 2000 to 2020. The health risk assessments were conducted through the estimation of cancer and noncancer risks using a Monte Carlo simulation based on the US Environmental Protection Agency method. The results showed that exposure to BTEX in some cities of Iran was greater than the occupational exposure limits. The results of cancer risk assessments demonstrated that cancer risk was not increased. However, results of noncancer risk assessments demonstrated that neurological toxicity from exposure to BTEX was significant in different cities of Iran. The health risk assessments indicated that workers at gas station are at health risk.
AbtahiMFakhriYOliveri ContiG, et al. (2018) The concentration of BTEX in the air of Tehran: A systematic review-meta analysis and risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health15: 1837.
2.
AlexopoulosECChatzisCLinosA (2006) An analysis of factors that influence personal exposure to toluene and xylene in residents of Athens, Greece. BMC Public Health6: 50.
3.
AlvesLPVieiraDSNunesLSS, et al. (2017) Relationship between symptoms, use of PPE and habits related to occupational exposure to BTEX compounds in workers of gas stations in Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Environmental Protection8: 650–661.
4.
BaghaniANSorooshianAHeydariM, et al. (2019) A case study of BTEX characteristics and health effects by major point sources of pollution during winter in Iran. Environmental Pollution247: 607–617.
5.
BahiraiiSAhangariGMirshafieyA, et al. (2017) Assessment of changes in expression of the 5-HT. Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports4: 639–643.
6.
CampoLRossellaFMercadanteR, et al. (2016) Exposure to BTEX and ethers in petrol station attendants and proposal of biological exposure equivalents for urinary benzene and MTBE. Annals of Occupational Hygiene60: 318–333.
7.
CaselliMde GennaroGMarzoccaA, et al. (2010) Assessment of the impact of the vehicular traffic on BTEX concentration in ring roads in urban areas of Bari (Italy). Chemosphere81: 306–311.
8.
CorreaSMArbillaGMarquesMR, et al. (2012) The impact of BTEX emissions from gas stations into the atmosphere. Atmospheric Pollution Research3: 163–169.
9.
CruzLPAlveLPSantosAV, et al. (2017) Assessment of BTEX concentrations in air ambient of gas stations using passive sampling and the health risks for workers. Journal of Environmental Protection8: 12.
10.
DacherngkhaoTChaikliengS (2019) Risk assessment on BTEX exposure at fuel storage tank area in gasoline station. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development10: 2281.
11.
DehghaniMFazlzadehMSorooshianA, et al. (2018) Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety155: 133–143.
12.
EisaeiHRAhmadi DehrashidSSKhaniMR, et al. (2015) Assessment and control of VOCs emitted from gas stations in Tehran, Iran. Pollution1: 363–371.
EsmaelnejadFHajizadehYPourzamaniH, et al. (2015) Monitoring of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers emission from Shahreza gas stations in 2013. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering4: 17.
15.
FakhriYAbtahiMAtamalekiA, et al. (2019) The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in honey: A global systematic review and meta-analysis and risk assessment. Trends in Food Science & Technology91: 498–506.
16.
HazratiSRostamiRFazlzadehM, et al. (2016) Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene concentrations in atmospheric ambient air of gasoline and CNG refueling stations. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health9: 403–409.
17.
HigginsJPThomasJChandlerJ, et al. (2019) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
18.
HuboyoHSWardhanaIWResminingpuriA (2019) Revealing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX) emission at gas stations, case study in Semarang city. In: E3S web of conferences. EDP sciences, France, 28 October 2019, p. 10002.
19.
JavadiIMohammadianYElyasiS (2017) Occupational exposure of Shahindej county refueling stations workers to BTEX compounds, in 2016. Journal of Research in Environmental Health3: 74–83.
20.
JiangZGrosselinBDaëleV, et al. (2017) Seasonal and diurnal variations of BTEX compounds in the semi-urban environment of Orleans, France. Science of the Total Environment574: 1659–1664.
21.
JohnMT (2016) A Case Study on the Common Health Effects of Petroleum Product (Petrol, Diesel and Kerosene) on Fuel Retail Attendants in Madang, Lae and Goroka Province. Madang: Divine Word University.
22.
KitwattanavongMPrueksasitTMorknoyD, et al. (2013) Health risk assessment of petrol station workers in the inner city of Bangkok, Thailand, to the exposure to BTEX and carbonyl compounds by inhalation. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal19: 1424–1439.
23.
LagorioSCrebelliRRicciarelloR, et al. (1998) Methodological issues in biomonitoring of low level exposure to benzene. Occupational Medicine48: 497–504.
24.
LiberatiAAltmanDGTetzlaffJ, et al. (2009) The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology62: e1–e34.
25.
Mosaddegh MehrjerdiMHTahmasebiNBarkhordari FiroozAbadiA, et al. (2014) The investigation of exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) with Solid Phase Microextr action Method in gas station in Yazd province. Iranian South Medical Journal16: 419–427.
26.
PartoviEFathiMAssariMJ, et al. (2018) Risk assessment of occupational exposure to BTEX in the national oil distribution company in Iran. Chronic Diseases Journal4: 48–55.
27.
PeriagoJPradoC (2005) Evolution of occupational exposure to environmental levels of aromatic hydrocarbons in service stations. Annals of Occupational Hygiene49: 233–240.
28.
PhucNHOanhNTK (2018) Determining factors for levels of volatile organic compounds measured in different microenvironments of a heavy traffic urban area. Science of the Total Environment627: 290–303.
29.
RadHDBabaeiAAGoudarziG, et al. (2014) Levels and sources of BTEX in ambient air of Ahvaz metropolitan city. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health7: 515–524.
30.
RasoulGMASalemEAAllamHK, et al. (2017) Neurobehavioral and hematological health disorders among fuel supply station workers. Menoufia Medical Journal30: 1103.
31.
RastkariNIzadpanahFYunesianM (2015) Exposure to benzene in gas station workers: Environmental and biological monitoring. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment8: 163–170.
32.
RubinsteinRYKroeseDP (2016) Simulation and the Monte Carlo Method. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
33.
SamadiMTShakerkhatibiMPoorolajalJ, et al. (2019) Association of long term exposure to outdoor volatile organic compounds (BTXS) with pro-inflammatory biomarkers and hematologic parameters in urban adults: A cross-sectional study in Tabriz, Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety180: 152–159.
34.
SantiagoFLimaSAntunesS, et al. (2019) Imunophenotypic evaluation as a tool for monitoring risks for blood malignancies in gas station workers. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP20: 2109.
35.
SeddighMSajjadfarFTeiriH, et al. (2016) Monitoring of BTEX emission from filling stations in Khorasgan district, Iran, in 2013–2014. Health System Research2: 214–221.
36.
ShaikhABarotDChandelD (2018) Genotoxic effects of exposure to gasoline fumes on petrol pump workers. The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine9: 79.
37.
TarassoliAEsmaili SariABahramifarN (2019) Characteristics and health risk of BTEX at selected different microenvironments in an industrial-urban area, Iran. Pollution5: 895–911.
38.
ThurstonGDBurnettRTTurnerMC, et al. (2016) Ischemic heart disease mortality and long-term exposure to source-related components of US fine particle air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives124: 785–794.
39.
TohidLSabetiZSarbakhshP, et al. (2019) Spatiotemporal variation, ozone formation potential and health risk assessment of ambient air VOCs in an industrialized city in Iran. Atmospheric Pollution Research10: 556–563.
40.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2004) Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume Ⅰ: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A), pp. 1–89.
41.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2011) Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition, 600.
XiongFLiQZhouB, et al. (2016) Oxidative stress and genotoxicity of long-term occupational exposure to low levels of BTEX in gas station workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health13: 1212.
44.
ZarandiSMShahsavaniAKhodagholiF, et al. (2019) Concentration, sources and human health risk of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound PM 2.5 ambient air, Tehran, Iran. Environmental Geochemistry and Health41: 1473–1487.
45.
ZhengHKongSXingX, et al. (2018) Monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from an oil and gas station in northwest China for 1 year. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics18: 4567–4595.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
