In November 2015, the PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter (PM) levels in platforms, station halls, and rail areas of the Shangcheng and Jiashan Road Station were monitored to investigate air pollution in the Shanghai subway system. The results revealed that in subway stations, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were significantly higher than those in outdoor environments. In addition, particle concentrations in the platforms exceeded maximum levels that domestic safety standards allowed. Particularly on clear days, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in platforms were significantly higher than maximum standards levels. Owing to the piston effect, consistent time-varying trends were exhibited by PM2.5 concentrations in platforms, station halls, and rail areas. Platform particle concentrations were higher than the amount in station halls, and they were higher on clear days than on rainy days. The time-varying trends of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in platforms and station halls were similar to each other. Activities within the station led to most of the inhalable particles within the station area. The mass concentration ratios of PM2.5 and PM10 in platforms were within 0.65–0.93, and fine particles were the dominant components.
AarnioPYli-TuomiTKousaA. (2005) The concentrations and composition of and exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) in the Helsinki subway system. Atmospheric Environment39: 5059–5066.
2.
AdamsHSNieuwenhuijsenMJColvileRN. (2001) Fine particle (PM2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK. The Science of the Total Environment279: 29–44.
3.
CarteniACascettaFCampanaS (2015) Underground and ground-level particulate matter concentrations in an Italian metro system. Atmospheric Environment101: 328–337.
4.
ChanLYLauWLZouSC. (2002) Exposure level of carbon monoxide and respirable suspended particulate in public transportation modes while commuting in urban area of Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment36(38): 5831–5840.
5.
ChengYHYanJW (2011) Comparisons of particulate matter, CO and CO2 levels in underground and ground-level stations in the Taipei mass rapid transit system. Atmospheric Environment45(28): 4882–4891.
6.
ChengYHLinYLLiuCC (2008) Levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in Taipei rapid transit system. Atmospheric Environment42(31): 7242–7249.
7.
ChillrudSNEpsteinDRossJM. (2004) Elevated airborne exposures of teenagers to manganese, chromium and iron from steel dust and New York City’s subway system. Environmental Science and Technology38(3): 732–737.
8.
ColombiCAngiusSGianelleV. (2013) Particulate matter concentrations, physical characteristics and elemental composition in the Milan underground transport system. Atmospheric Environment70: 166–178.
9.
CrumpK S (2000) Manganese exposures in Toronto during use of the gasoline additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology10(3): 227–239.
10.
FuruyaKKudoYOkinagaK. (2001) Seasonal variation and their characterization of suspended particulate matter in the air of subway stations. Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques19(4): 469–485.
11.
Gomez-PeralesJEColvileRNFernandez-BremauntzAA. (2007) Bus, minibus, metro inter-comparison of commuters’ exposure to air pollution in Mexico City. Atmospheric Environment41(4): 890–901.
12.
Gomez-PeralesJEColvileRNNieuwenhuijsenMJ. (2004) Commuters’ exposure to PM2.5, CO and benzene in public transport in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Atmospheric Environment38: 1219–1229.
13.
GrassDSRossJMFamilyF. (2010) Airborne particulate metals in the New York City subway: a pilot study to assess the potential for health impacts. Environmental Research110(l): l–11.
14.
HurleyFCherrieJDonaldsonK. (2003) Assessment of health effects of long-term occupational exposure to tunnel dust in the London underground. Research Report TM/02/04, University of Aberdeen. Available at: http://%20tube.tfl.gov.uk/content/pressreleases/0309/dust_report_sep03.%20pdf (accessed 26 September 2003).
15.
JohanssonCJohanssonPA (2003) Particulate matter in the underground of Stockholm. Atmospheric Environment37(l): 3–9.
16.
JungHJKimBRyuJ. (2010) Source identification of particulate matter collected at underground subway stations in Seoul, Korea using quantitative single-particle analysis. Atmospheric Environment44(19): 2287–2293.
17.
KamWCheungKDaherN. (2011) Particulate matter (PM) concentrations in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles Metro. Atmospheric Environment45: 1506–1516.
18.
KarlssonHLNilssonLMollerL (2005) Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells. Chemical Research in Toxicology18(l): 19–23.
19.
KimKYKimYSRohYM. (2008) Spatial distribution of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Seoul metropolitan subway stations. Journal of Hazardous Materials154: 440–443.
20.
KimKHHoDXJeonJS. (2012) A noticeable shift in particulate matter levels after platform screen door installation in a Korean subway station. Atmospheric Environment49: 219–223.
21.
MartinsVMorenoTMinguillonMC. (2015) Exposure to airborne particulate matter in the subway system. Science of the Total Environment511: 711–722.
22.
MorenoTPerezNRecheC. (2014) Subway platform air quality: assessing the influences of tunnel ventilation, train piston effect and station design. Atmospheric Environment92: 461–468.
23.
Mugica-AlvarezVFigueroa-LaraJRomero-RomoM. (2012) Concentration and properties of airborne particles in the Mexico City subway system. Atmospheric Environment49(7): 284–293.
24.
NieuwenhuijsenMJGomez-PeralesJEColvileRN (2007) Levels of particulate air pollution, its elemental composition, determinants and health effects in metro systems. Atmospheric Environment41: 7995–8006.
25.
ParkDUHaKC (2008) Characteristics of PM10, PM2.5, CO2 and CO monitored in interiors and platforms of subway train in Seoul, Korea. Atmospheric Environment34(5): 629–634.
26.
PfeiferGDHarrisonRMLynamDR (1999) Personal exposure to airborne metals in London taxi drivers and office workers in 1995 and 1996. The Science of the Total Environment235: 253–260.
27.
QuerolXMorenoTKaranasiouA. (2012) Variability of levels and composition of PM10 and PM2.5 in the Barcelona metro system. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics12: 5055–5076.
28.
RautJCChazettePFortainA (2009) Link between aerosol optical, microphysical and chemical measurements in an underground railway station in Paris. Atmospheric Environment43(4): 860–868.
29.
RipanucciGGranaMVicentiniL. (2006) Dust in the underground railway tunnels of an Italian town. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene3: 16–25.
30.
SalmaIWeidingerTMaenhautW (2007) Time-resolved mass concentration, composition and sources of aerosol particles in a metropolitan underground railway station. Atmospheric Environment41: 8391–8405.
31.
SeatonACherrieJDennekampM. (2005) The London underground: dust and hazards to health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine62(6): 355–362.
32.
SitzmannBKendallMWattJ. (1999) Characterisation of airborne particles in London by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy. Science of the Total Environment241(l–3): 63–73.
