This study was carried out to find out whether exposure to environmentally relevant concentration of chlorpyrifos (CP) modulates reproductive competence. To understand this, eight adult male and eight adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 200 µg/L of CP for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Vitellogenin levels did not show much change in female fish, whereas in male the levels increased with increasing exposure time thereby indicating estrogenecity of the toxicant. Attenuation of serum 11-ketotestosterone in male and serum 17β-estradiol in female was noticed in the exposed fish and thus signified interference of CP in the reproductive endocrine system. Structural damage common to both the gonads was vacuolization. Elongation of seminiferous tubules in testes and atretic follicles in ovary was also observed.
Abdel-HalimKYSalamaAKEl-khateebEN. (2006) Organophosphorus pollutants (OPP) in aquatic environment at Damietta Governorate, Egypt: implications for monitoring and biomarker responses. Chemosphere63(9): 1491–1498.
2.
AmaraneniSRPillalaRR (2001) Concentrations of pesticide residues in tissues of fish from Kolleru Lake in India. Environmental Toxicology16(6): 550–556.
3.
AndersenLBengtssonBEBjorkM. (2000) Zebrafish for testing endocrine disrupting chemicals. Tema Nord555: 55.
4.
ArunwarakornMSooksaiTTempiyapolK. (2009) Pesticides residues in water, soil and pomelo in central agricultural area followed GAP. Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region5: 1–17.
5.
BaigSAAkhteraNAAshfaqM. (2009) Determination of the organophosphorus pesticide in vegetables by high-performance liquid chromatography. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science6(5): 513–519.
6.
BhattacharjeeSFakhruddinANMChowdhuryMAZ. (2012) Monitoring of selected pesticides residue levels in water samples of paddy fields and removal of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues from water using Rice Bran. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology89(2): 348–353.
7.
BishnuAChakrabartiKChakrabortyA. (2009) Pesticide residue level in tea ecosystems of Hill and Dooars regions of West Bengal, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment149(1-4): 457–464.
8.
CarvalhoFPVilleneuveJPCattiniC. (2009) Pesticide and PCB residues in the aquatic ecosystems of Laguna de Terminos, a protected area of the coast of Campeche, Mexico. Chemosphere74(7): 988–995.
9.
DengJLiuCYuL. (2010) Chronic exposure to environmental levels of tribromophenol impairs zebrafish reproduction. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology243(1): 87–95.
DumitrescuGCiochinaLPVoiaS. (2010) Histological changes induced in gonads, liver and kidney of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under the effect Octylphenol (OP). Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology43(1): 484–489.
12.
DuncanDB (1955) Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics11: 1–42.
13.
DuttaHMMeijerHJM (2003) Sublethal effects of diazinon on the structure of the testes of bluegill. Lepomis macrochirus: a microscopic analysis. Environmental Pollution125(3): 355–360.
14.
EddinsDCeruttiDWilliamsP. (2010) Zebrafish provide a sensitive model of persisting neurobehavioral effects of developmental chlorpyrifos exposure: comparison with nicotine and pilocarpine effects and relationship to dopamine deficits. Neurotoxicology and Teratology32(1): 99–108.
15.
FAO/WHO Standards (2008) Pesticide Residues in Food: Maximum Residue Limits. CODEX Alimentarius Database. Geneva: FAO/WHO.
16.
GerfenCRMiyachiSPaletzkiR. (2002) D1 dopamine receptor super sensitivity in the dopamine-depleted striatum results from a switch in the regulation of ERK1/2/MAP kinase. Journal of Neuroscience22(12): 5042–5054.
17.
HanZJiaoSKongD. (2011) Effects of β-endosulfan on the growth and reproduction of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry30(11): 2525–2531.
18.
HarrisHR (1900) On the rapid conversion of haematoxylin into haematein in staining reactions. Journal of Applied Microscophy3: 777–780.
19.
HeidenTKCarvanMJHutzRJ (2006) Inhibition of follicular development, vitellogenesis, and serum 17β-estradiol concentrations in zebrafish following chronic, sublethal dietary exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicological Science90(2): 490–499.
JergentzSMugniHBonettoC. (2005) Assessment of insecticide contamination in runoff and stream water of small agricultural streams in the main soybean area of Argentina. Chemosphere61(6): 817–826.
22.
KarelsAESoimasuoMLappivaaraJ. (1998) Effects of ECF-bleached kraft mill effluent on reproductive steroids and liver MFO activity in populations of perch and roach. Ecotoxicology7(3): 123–132.
23.
KienleCKohlerHRGerhardtA (2009) Behavioural and developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos and nickel chloride to zebrafish embryos and larvae. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety72(6): 1740–1747.
24.
KobayashiMOhtsukaKTamuraY. (2011) Survey of pesticide residues in imported frozen vegetables and fruits (1989.4˜2008.3). Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi52(2): 121–129.
25.
LevinEDChrysanthisEYacisinK. (2003) Chlorpyrifos exposure of developing zebrafish: effects on survival and long-term effects on response latency and spatial discrimination. Neurotoxicology and Teratology25(1): 51–57.
26.
LevinEDSwainHADonerlyS. (2004) Developmental chlorpyrifos effects on hatchling zebrafish swimming behavior. Neurotoxicology and Teratology26(6): 719–723.
27.
LiuCDengJYuL. (2010) Endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment in zebrafish by exposure to 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol. Aquatic Toxicology96(1): 70–76.
28.
LoomisAKThomasP (2000) Effects of estrogens and xenoestrogens on androgen production by Atlantic croaker testes in vitro: evidence for a nongenomic action mediated by an estrogen membrane receptor. Biology of Reproduction62(4): 995.
29.
MaYHanJGuoY. (2012) Disruption of endocrine function in in vitro H295R cell-based and in in vivo assay in zebrafish by 2,4-dichlorophenol. Aquatic Toxicology106–107: 173–181.
30.
MalhatFNasrI (2011) Organophosphorus pesticides residues in fish samples from the river Nile Tributaries in Egypt. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology87(6): 689–692.
31.
MaxwellLBDuttaHM (2005) Diazinon induced endocrine disruption in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Ecotoxicology and Environmentaol Safety60(1): 21–27.
32.
MillsLChichesterC (2005) Review of evidence: are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment impacting fish populations?Science Total Environment343(1): 1–34.
33.
MonteiroPRRReis-HenriquesMACoimbraJ (2000) Plasma steroid levels in female flounder (Platichthys flenses) after chronic dietary exposure to single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Marine Environmental Research49(5): 453–467.
34.
MukherjeeIAroraS (2011) Impact analysis of IPM programs in Basmati rice by estimation of pesticide residues. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology86(3): 307–313.
35.
NagahamaYYoshikuniMYamashitaM. (1995) Regulation of oocyte growth and maturation in fish. Current Topics in Developmental Biology30(30): 103–145.
36.
Ndengerio-NdossiJPCramG (2005) Pesticide residues in table-ready foods in Tanzania. International Journal Environmental Health Research15(2): 143–149.
37.
NormanARattfeltJAnderssonPL. (2007) Reproduction effects in zebrafish exposed to a mixture of structurally diverse. In: Abstractbook Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BFR, German: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment). Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 1–4.
38.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2000) Fish juvenile growth test. Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Section 2, guideline 215. Paris: OECD.
39.
OrucEO (2010) Oxidative stress, steroid hormone concentrations and acetylcholinesterase activity in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to chlorpyrifos. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology96(3): 160–166.
40.
OtienoPOSchrammKWPfisterG. (2012) Spatial distribution and temporal trend in concentration of carbofuran, diazinon and chlorpyrifos ethyl residues in sediment and water in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology88(4): 526–532.
41.
PeterREYuKL (1997) Neuroendocrine regulation of ovulation in fishes: basic and applied aspects. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries7(2): 173–197.
42.
RahmanikhahZSariAEBahramifarN. (2011) Organophosphorous pesticide residues in surface and ground water in the southern coast watershed of Caspian Sea, Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research7(2): 253–259.
43.
SanghiRPillaiMKKJayalekshmTR. (2003) Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in breast milk from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Human and Experimental Toxicology22(2): 73–76.
44.
ScheilVKohlerHR (2009) Influence of nickel chloride, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid in combination with different temperatures on the embryogenesis of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology56(2): 238–243.
45.
SchulzRWDe FrancaLRLareyreJJ. (2010) Spermatogenesis in fish. General and Comparative Endocrinology165(3): 390–411.
46.
SchulzRWVischerHFCavacoJEB. (2001) Gonadotropins, their receptors, and the regulation of testicular functions in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B129(2-3): 407–417.
47.
SegnerH (2009) Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism for investigating endocrine disruption. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C149(2): 187–195.
48.
SelderslaghsIWTHooyberghsJCoenWD. (2010) Locomotor activity in zebrafish embryos: a new method to assess developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology and Teratology32(4): 460–471.
49.
SharpeRLMaclatchyDLCourtenaySC. (2004) Effects of a model androgen (methyl testosterone) and a model anti-androgen (cyproterone acetate) on reproductive endocrine endpoints in a short-term adult mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) bioassay. Aquatic Toxicology67(3): 203–215.
50.
SilversandCHyllnerSJHauxC (1993) Isolation, immunochemical detection, and observations of the instability of Vitellogenin from four teleosts. Journal of Experimental Zoology267(6): 587–597.
51.
TiltonFABammlerTKGallagherEP (2011) Swimming impairment and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in zebrafish exposed to copper or chlorpyrifos separately, or as mixtures. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C153(1): 9–16.
52.
TylerCSumpterJP (1996) Oocyte growth and development in teleosts. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries6(3): 287–318.
53.
TylerCRvan AerleRHutchinsonTH. (1999) An in vivo testing system for endocrine disruptors in fish early life stages using induction of Vitellogenin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry18(2): 337–347.
54.
VermaRSSrivastavaN (2003) Effects of chlorpyrifos on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, scavenging enzymes and glutathione in rat tissues. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics40(6): 423–428.
55.
VermaSRMehtaAMSrivastavaN (2007) In vivo chlorpyrifos induced oxidative stress: attenuation by antioxidant vitamins. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology88(2): 191–196.
56.
WesterfieldM (1995) The Zebrafish Book. A Guide for the Laboratory Use of Zebrafish (Danio rerio), 3rd ed. Eugene: University of Oregon Press, p. 385.
57.
WixonJ (2000) Featured organism Danio rerio, the zebrafish. Yeast17: 225–231.
58.
YamaguchiSGenKOkuzawaK. (2005) Effects of 11-ketotestosterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone on follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone gene expression in castrated and sham-operated male red seabream pagrus major. Fisheries Science71(5): 1049–1058.
59.
YenJDonerlySLevinED. (2011) Differential acetylcholinesterase inhibition of chlorpyrifos, diazinon and parathion in larval zebrafish. Neurotoxicology and Teratology33(6): 735–741.
60.
YoungGLokmanPMKusakabeM. (2005) Gonadal steroidogenesis in teleost fish. In: SherwoodNMelamedP (eds), Molecular Aspects of Fish and Marine Biology Vol 4: Hormones and Their Receptors in Fish Reproduction. Hackensack: World Scientific Publishing Co, pp. 155–223.
