Cucumbers grown in two different greenhouses were exposed to mancozeb and carbaryl at different times. The effects of 10-day preharvest period, water and detergent washing, peeling, predetermined storage period at 4°C (refrigeration), and fermentation on the reduction of residue levels in the plant tissues were investigated. Mancozeb and carbaryl residues in cucumbers were determined by gas chromatography–electron capture detection. Results showed that residue levels in samples, which were collected after 10 days following the pesticide application, were significantly lower than the samples collected after 2 h subsequent to the pesticide application. The culinary applications were effective in reducing the residue levels of the pesticides in cucumbers. As a result, non-fermentative pickling in sodium chloride and acetic acid was the most effective way to reduce the mancozeb and carbaryl residues of the cucumbers.
CengizMFCertelMGöcmenH (2006) Residue contents of DDVP (dichlorvos) and diazinon applied on cucumbers grown in greenhouses and their reduction by duration of a pre-harvest interval and post-harvest culinary applications. Food Chemistry98: 127–135.
4.
DikshitAKPachaurýDCJindalT (2003) Maximum residue limits and risk assessment of betacyfluthrin and imidacloprid on tomato. Bulletin of Environment and Contamination Toxicology70: 1143–1150.
5.
EcobichonDJ (2001) Pesticide use in developing countries. Toxicology160(1–3): 27–33.
6.
ElkinsER (1989) Effect of commercial processing on pesticide residues in selected fruits and vegetables. Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists72(3): 533–535.
7.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (1992) Ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs); Notice of intent to cancel and conclusion of special review. Federal Register57(41): 7434–7530. Washington: US GAO.
8.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2002) Office of pesticide programs, health effects division carbaryl; updated toxicology disciplinary chapter for the reregistration eligibility decision document. Docket ID# OPP-2002-0138-0008. Available at: http://cascade.epa.gov/RightSite (accessed 6 April 2011).
9.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2003) Interim reregistration eligibility decision for carbaryl. Case 0080. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/carbaryl_ired.pdf (accessed October 2003).
10.
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2005) Mancozeb facts. prevention, pesticides and toxic substances (7508C). EPA 738-F-05-XX.
11.
FAO/WHO (2000) Pesticide residues in food and feed. FAO/WHO food standards, Codex Alimentarius Commission. CX/PR 00/5.
HayesWJLawsER (1990) Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Vol. 3. Classes of Pesticides. New York: Academic Press, Inc.
14.
HollandPTHamiltonDOhlinB. (1994) Effects of storage and processing on pesticide residues in plant products. Pure and Applied Chemistry66(2): 335–356.
15.
Kaars SijpesteijnA (1984) Mode of action of some traditional fungicides. In: TrinciAPJRyleyJF (eds) Mode of Action of Antifungal Agents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–153.
16.
KaushikGSatyaSNaikSN (2009) Food processing a tool to pesticide residue dissipation: a review. Food Research International42: 26–40.
17.
KlaasenCDAmdurMODoullJ (1996) Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 659–663.
18.
KrolWJArsenaultTLPylypiwHM. (2000) Reduction of pesticide residues on produce by rinsing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry48: 4666–4670.
19.
LudwigRDThornGD (1960) Chemistry and mode of action of Dithiocarbamate fungicides. Advances in Pesticide Control Research30: 219–252.
20.
MorganDP (1982) Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 3rd ed. Washington: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government Printing Office.
21.
National Library of Medicine (1997) Hazardous Substances Data Bank [CD-ROM]. Bethesda: Department of Health and Human Services.
22.
PetersenBTomerlinJRBarrajL (1996) Pesticide degradation: exceptions to the Rule. Food Technology50(5): 221–223.
23.
Processing Studies (Appendix E) (1997) Comission of the European Communities, Directorate General for Agriculture, 7035/VI/95rev.5.
24.
RiegartJRRobertsJR (1999) Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 48–54.
25.
Saeedi SaraviSSKaramiSKaramiBShokrzadehM (2009) Toxic Effects of Cobalt Chloride on Hematological Factors of Common Carp(Cyprinus carpio). Biological Trace Element Research132(1-3): 144–152.
26.
ShokrzadehMSaeedi SaraviSS (2009) Measurement of residues of benomyl and mancozeb pesticides in shrub and nonshrub cucumbers sampled from different regions of Mazandaran province (Iran). Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry91(4): 627–630.
27.
ShokrzadehMSaeedi SaraviSSZehtab YazdiY (2009) Lindane residues in cultivated cucumber and in the most consumed fish in caspian sea (Iran). Toxicology and Industrial Helath25(8): 517–523.
28.
ShokrzadehMSaberyanMSaeedi SaraviSS (2008) Assessment of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in 10 samples of Iranian and foreign consumed tea leaves and dissolved beverages. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry90(5): 879–883.
29.
SiebersJHänelR (2003) Assessment of residue analytical methods for crops, food, feed, and environmental samples: the approach of the European Union. In: LeePWAizawaHBarefootACMurphyJJ (eds) Handbook of Residue Analytical Methods for Agrochemicals, pp. 13–37. Chichester: Wiley.
30.
StoytchevaM (2011a) Pesticides-Formulations, effects, Fate. In: ShokrzadehMSaeedi SaraviSS (eds) Pesticides in Agricultural Products: Analysis, Reduction, Prevention. Croatia: Intech, pp. 225–242.
31.
StoytchevaM (2011b) Pesticides in the modern world-risks and benefits. In: Saeedi SaraviSSShokrzadehM (eds) Role of Pesticides in Human Life in the Modern Age: A Review. Croatia: Intech, pp. 3–12.
32.
StreetJC (1969) Methods of removal of pesticide residues. Canadian Medical Association Journal100: 154–160.
33.
SzkolnikM (1981) Physical modes of action of sterol inhibiting fungicides against apple diseases. Plant Disease65: 981–985.
34.
TokerIBayindirliA (2003) Enzymatic peeling of apricots, nectarines and peaches. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaftund-Technologie36(2): 215–221.
35.
TomlinCDS (2000) A World Compendium: The Pesticide Manual. 12th ed. Farnham: British Crop Protection Council, pp. 67–68.
36.
TorresCMPicoYManesJ (1996) Determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A754(1–2): 301–331.
37.
Uysal-PalaCBilisiA (2006) Fate of endosulfan and deltamethrin residues during tomato paste production. Journal of Central European Agriculture7(2): 343–348.
38.
WicksTLeeTC (1982) Evaluation of fungicides applied after infection for control of Plasmopara viticola on grapevine. Plant Disease66: 839–841.
39.
WinteringhamFPW (1971) Some global aspects of pesticide residue problems. Israel Journal of Entomology6(2): 171–181.
40.
WongFPWilcoxWF (2001) Comparative physical modes of action of azoxystrobin, mancozeb, and metalaxyl against Plasmopara viticola (grapevine downy mildew). Plant Disease85: 649–656.
