Neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects of fenthion and omethoate on frogs at acute exposure

Abstract

The study was carried out to investigate the neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects of fenthion- and omethoate-used agricultural areas on frogs (Rana ridibunda) at acute exposure. The neurotoxic effects of the chemicals were evaluated by measuring the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Biomarkers selected for immunotoxic monitoring were the activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in various tissues of frogs exposed to 10 or 20 parts per million (ppm) dosages of fenthion and omethoate for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Results showed that the administrations of chemicals fluctuated AChE and BChE activities in some tissues of frogs treated with both dosages at all the periods. With regard to the immunotoxic effects, MPO activity was increased in almost all the tissues of frogs after 10 and 20 ppm dosages and for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours exposure of fenthion and omethoate as compared to those of control whereas ADA activity did not change in all the tissues. This may reflect the potential role of these parameters as useful biomarkers for toxicity of fenthion and omethoate.

Keywords

Fenthion omethoate neurotoxic immunotoxic frogs

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Aratani Y. , Koyama H. , Nyui S. , Suzuki K. , Kura F. , and Maeda N. ( 1999) Severe impairment in early host defense against Candida albicans in mice deficient in myeloperoxidase. Infection and Immunity 67: 1828- 1836.

Black RD , Scott D. , and Oehme FW ( 1992) Immunotoxicity in the bovine animal: a review. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 34: 438-442.

Bradley PP , Priebat DA , Christensen RD , and Rothstein G. ( 1982) Measurement of cutaneous inflammation: estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 78: 206-209.

Brun EM , Garces-Garcia M. , Puchades R. , and Maquieira A. ( 2004) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the organophosphorus insecticide fenthion. Influence of hapten structure. Journal of Immunological Methods 295: 21-35.

Chuiko GM , Podgornaya VA , and Lavrikova IV ( 2002) Organophosphorus compound O,O-dimethyl-O-(2,2-dichlorovynyl)-phosphate as selective inhibitor for separate determination of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in the roach Rutilus rutilus. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 38: 264-269.

Das BK , Mukherjee SC ( 2000) Chronic toxic effects of quinalphos on some biochemical parameters in Labeo rohita (Ham.). Toxicology Letters 114: 11-18.

Deby-Dupont G. , Deby C. , and Lamy M. ( 1999) Neutrophil myeloperoxidase revisited: it’s role in health and disease. Intensivmedizin-und-Notfallmedizin 36: 500-513.

Dietert RR , Golemboski KA , Kwak H. , Ha R. , Mille TL , and Davison TF ( 1996) Environmental immunity inter actions. In: Davison TF , Morris TR , Payne LN (eds) Poultry Immunology. Abingdon UK: Carfax Publishing, 343-356.

Ellman GL , Courtney KD , Andres V. , and Featherstone RM ( 1963) A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology 7: 88.

10.

Escartin E. , Porte C. ( 1996) Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii exposed to fenitrothion. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 34: 160-164.

11.

Giusti G. , Bergmeyer HU ( 1974) Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. vol 2. New York: Academic Press, 1092-1099.

12.

Haqqani S. , Sandhu JK , and Birnboim HC ( 1999) A myeloperoxidase-specific assay based upon romidedependent chemiluminescence of luminal. Analytical Biochemistry 273: 126-132.

13.

McConnico RS , Weinstock D. , Poston ME , and Malcolm C. ( 1999) Myeloperoxidase activity of the large intestine in an equine model of acute colitis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 60: 807-813.

14.

Ram RN , Singh SK ( 1988) Carbofuran induced histopathological and biochemical changes in liver of the teleost fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 16: 194-201.

15.

Raszyk J. , Toman M. , Gajduskova V. , Nezveda K. , Ulrich R. , Jarosova A. , et al. (1997) Effects of environmental pollutants on the porcine and bovine immune systems. Veterinary Medicine Czech 42: 313-317.

16.

Sevgiler Y. , Pinar P. , Durmaz H. , and Üner N. ( 2007) Efiects of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative responses in the liver of fenthion exposed Cyprinus carpio. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 87: 248-254.

17.

Szabo A. , Nemcsok J. ( 1992) The effect of pesticides on carp (Cyprinus carpio). Acetylcholinesterase and its biochemical characterization. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 23: 39-45.

18.

Tsatsakis AM , Tsakiris IN , Tzatzarakis MN , Agourakis ZB , Tutudaki M. , and Alegakis AK ( 2003) Three-year study of fenthion and dimethoate pesticides in olive oil from organic and conventional cultivation. Food Additives and Contamination 20(6): 553.

19.

Tsuda T. , Kojima M. , Harada H. , Nakajima A. , and Aoki S. ( 1996) Accumulation and excretion of fenthion, fenthion sulfoxide and fenthion sulfone by killifish (Oryzias latipes). Comparative Biochemistry Physiology 113(C): 45-49.

20.

Valbonesi P. , Sartor G. , and Fabbri E. ( 2003) Characterization of cholinesterase activity in three bivalves inhabiting the North Adriatic Sea and their possible use as sentinel organisms for biosurveillance programmes. Science of the Total Environment 312: 79-88.