In this study, the effects of chlormadinon acetate (CMA) and CMA + nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on various developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. Different concentrations of CMA (1.0; 3.0; 5.0 and 10.0 μM/100 mL medium) and CMA + NDGA as the concentrations of CMA (1.0 + 1.0; 3.0 + 3.0; 5.0 + 5.0 and 10.0 + 10.0 μM/100 mL medium) were carried out during the developmental periods of the flies. When F1 progeny of control and application groups were compared, CMA was found to extend the process of metamorphosis and decrease the total offspring numbers. However, these negative effects were inhibited by NDGA treatment at different concentrations. These results suggest that NDGA could effectively inhibit CMA-induced abnormalities in developmental stages of D. melanogaster. It was found that the difference between the groups was significantly important (p < 0.05).
Agarwal R., Wang ZY, Bik DP, and Mukhtar H. ( 1991) Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, also inhibits cytochrome P450 mediated monoxygenase activity in rat epidermal and hepatic microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition19(3): 620-624.
2.
Ansar S., Iqbal M., and Athar M. ( 1999) Nordihydroguairetic acid is a potent inhibitor of ferric-nitrilotriacetate-mediated hepatic and renal toxicity, and renal tumour promotion, in mice. Carcinogenesis20(4): 599-606.
3.
Dinkova-Kostova AT, Talalay P. ( 2008) Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of inducers of cytoprotective proteins. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research52(suppl 1): 128-138.
4.
El Etreby MF, Gräf KJ ( 1979) Effect of contraceptive steroids on mammary gland of beagle dog and its relevance to human carcinogenicity. Pharmacology Therapy5(1-3): 369-402.
5.
Floriano-Sanchez E., Villanueva C., Medina-Campos ON, et al., (2006) Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a potent in vitro scavenger of peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion and hypochlorous acid and prevents in vivo ozone-induced tyrosine nitration in lungs. Free Radical Research40(5): 523-533.
6.
Hosfeth LJ, Raafat AM, Osuch JR, Pathak DR, Slomski CA, and Halsam SZ ( 1999) Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with increased epithelial proliferation in the normal postmenopausal breast. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism84(12): 4559-4565.
7.
Hurtado L., Hernandez R., Hernandez F., and Fernandez F. ( 1979) Fungitoxic compounds in the Larrea resin. In: Campos E, Mabri TJ, Fernandez S (eds) Editorial Centro de. Investigación en Química Aplicada, Larrea, México, 328-340.
8.
International Agency for Research on Cancer ( 1979) Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol 21. Sex Hormones (II), Lyon, France: IARC, 365-375.
9.
Martelli A., Campart GB, Ghia M., Allavena A., Merceto E., and Brambilla G. ( 1996) Induction of micronuclei and initiation of enzyme altered foci in the liver of female rats treated with cyproterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate or megestrol acetate. Carcinogenesis17(3): 551-554.
10.
Miquel J., Fleming J., and Economos AC ( 1982) Antioxidants, metabolic rate and aging in Drosophila. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics1(2): 159-165.
11.
Misdorp W. ( 1991) Progestogens and mammary tumors in dogs and cats. Acta Endocrinologica125(suppl 1): 27-31.
12.
Richie JP, Mills BJ, and Lang CA ( 1986) Dietary nordihydroguaiaretic acid increases the life span of the mosquito. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine183(1): 81-85.
13.
Schuppler J., Günzel P. ( 1979) Liver tumors and steroid hormones in rats and mice. Archives of Toxicology Supplement2: 181-195.
14.
Siddique YH, Afzal M. ( 2004a) Evaluation of genotoxic potential of synthetic progestin chlormadinone acetate. Toxicology Letters153(2): 221-225.
15.
Siddique YH, Afzal M. ( 2004b) Induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges by chlormadinone acetate: a possible role of reactive oxygen species . Indian Journal of Experimental Biology42(11): 1078-1083.
16.
Siddique YH, Ara G., Beq T., and Afzal M. ( 2008) Antigenotoxic effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid against chlormadinone acetate-induced genotoxicity in mice bone-marrow cells. Journal of Natural Medicines (Tokyo) 62(1): 52-56.
17.
Wang ZY, Agarwal R., Zhou ZC, Bickers DR, and Mukhtar H. ( 1991) Antimutagenic and antitumorigenic activities of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Mutation Research261(3): 155-162.
18.
Wiegratz I., Kuhl H. ( 2004) Progestogen therapies: differences in clinical effects ? Trends Endocrinol Metab15(6): 277-285.
19.
Yager JD, Yager R. ( 1980) Oral contraceptives steroids as promoters of hepatocarcinogenesis in female Sprague- Dawley rats. Cancer Research40(10): 3680-3685.
20.
Yam-Canul P., Chirino YI, Sanchez-Gonzalez DJ, et al., (2008) Nordihydroguaiaretic acid attenuates potassium dichromate-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity. Food and Chemical Toxicology46(3): 1089-1096.
21.
Youngren JF, Gable K., Penaranda C., et al., (2005) Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) inhibits the IGF- 1 and C-erb B2/ HER2/neu receptors and suppresses growth in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment94(1): 37-46.
