The authors investigated the psychometric properties of the Social Identities and Attitudes Scale developed by Picho and Brown, which captures an individual’s vulnerability to Stereotype Threat effects. Confirmatory factor analyses and group invariance tests conducted on a diverse sample of 516 college students revealed adequate reliability and validity.
AronsonJ.LustinaM. J.GoodC.KeoughK.SteeleC. M.BrownJ. (1999). When White men can’t do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 29–46. doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1371
2.
BaronR. M.KennyD. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.
3.
BetancourtH.LópezS. R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. American Psychologist, 48, 629–637. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.6.629
4.
BrownR. P.PinelE. C. (2003). Stigma on my mind: Individual differences in the experience of stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 626–633. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00039-8
5.
ByrneB. M. (2009). Structural equation modeling with AMOS : Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
6.
CadinuM.MaassA.LombardoM.FrigerioS. (2006). Stereotype threat: The moderating role of Locus of Control beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 183–197.
7.
CroizetJ.-C.ClaireT. (1998). Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 588–594. doi:10.1177/0146167298246003
8.
DavisC.AronsonJ.SalinasM. (2006). Shades of threat: Racial identity as a moderator of stereotype threat. Journal of Black Psychology, 32, 399–417. doi:10.1177/0095798406292464
9.
FeltzD. L.SchneiderR.HwangS.SkogsbergN. J. (2013). Predictors of collegiate student-athletes’ susceptibility to stereotype threat. Journal of College Student Development, 54, 184–201. doi:10.1353/csd.2013.0014
10.
GonzalesP. M.BlantonH.WilliamsK. J. (2002). The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 659–670. doi:10.1177/0146167202288010
11.
HornJ. L.McardleJ. J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 117–144. doi:10.1080/03610739208253916
12.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424–453. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
13.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
14.
HuguetP.RégnerI. (2007). Stereotype threat among schoolgirls in quasi-ordinary classroom circumstances. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 545–560. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.545
15.
InzlichtM.KangS. K. (2010). Stereotype threat spillover: How coping with threats to social identity affects aggression, eating, decision making, and attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 467–481. doi:10.1037/a0018951
16.
JamesonM.DiehlR.DansoH. (2007). Stereotype threat impacts college athletes’ academic performance. Current Research in Social Psychology, 12(5), 68–79.
17.
JordanA. H.LovettB. J. (2007). Stereotype threat and test performance: A primer for school psychologists. Journal of School Psychology, 45, 45–59. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.003
18.
JudgeT. A.ErezA.BonoJ. E.ThoresenC. J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 693–710. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.693
19.
KlineR. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
20.
LawrenceJ. S.MarksB. T.JacksonJ. S. (2010). Domain identification predicts black students’ underperformance on moderately-difficult tests. Motivation and Emotion, 34, 105–109. doi:10.1007/s11031-010-9159-8
21.
MacCallumR. C.BrowneM. W.SugawaraH. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130–149. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
22.
MarxD. M.StapelD. A. (2006). Retracted: It’s all in the timing: Measuring emotional reactions to stereotype threat before and after taking a test. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 687–698.
23.
MazerolleM.RégnerI.MorissetP.RigalleauF.HuguetP. (2012). Stereotype threat strengthens automatic recall and undermines controlled processes in older adults. Psychological Science, 23, 723–727. doi:10.1177/0956797612437607
24.
NadlerJ. T.ClarkM. H. (2011). Stereotype threat: A meta-analysis comparing African Americans to Hispanic Americans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 872–890. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00739.x
25.
NguyenH.-H. D.RyanA. M. (2008). Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minorities and women? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1314–1334.
26.
OkazakiS.SueS. (1995). Methodological issues in assessment research with ethnic minorities. Psychological Assessment, 7, 367–375. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.367
27.
PichoK.BrownS. W. (2011). Can stereotype threat be measured? A validation of the Social Identities and Attitudes Scale (SIAS). Journal of Advanced Academics, 22, 374–411. doi:10.1177/1932202X1102200302
28.
SchmaderT. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 194–201. doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1500
29.
SchmaderT.JohnsM. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440–452. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.440
30.
ShapiroJ. R. (2011). Different groups, different threats: A multi-threat approach to the experience of stereotype threats. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 464–480. doi:10.1177/0146167211398140
31.
ShapiroJ. R.WilliamsA. M.HambarchyanM. (2013). Are all interventions created equal? A multi-threat approach to tailoring stereotype threat interventions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 277–288. doi:10.1037/a0030461
32.
SpencerB.CastanoE. (2007). Social class is dead. Long live social class! Stereotype threat among low socioeconomic status individuals. Social Justice Research, 20, 418–432. doi:10.1007/s11211-007-0047-7
33.
SpencerS. J.SteeleC. M.QuinnD. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4–28. doi:10.1006/jesp.1998.1373
34.
SteeleC. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613–629. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613
35.
SteeleC. M.AronsonJ. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
36.
SteeleJ.JamesJ. B.BarnettR. C. (2002). Learning in a man’s world: Examining the perceptions of undergraduate women in male-dominated academic areas. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 46–50.
37.
SteinbergJ. R.OkunM. A.AikenL. S. (2012). Calculus GPA and math identification as moderators of stereotype threat in highly persistent women. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 34, 534–543. doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.727319
38.
WheatonB.MuthénB.AlwinD. F.SummersG. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84–136. doi:10.2307/270754
39.
WoodcockA.HernandezP. R.EstradaM.SchultzP. W. (2012). The consequences of chronic stereotype threat: Domain disidentification and abandonment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 635–646. doi:10.1037/a0029120