We describe an Indigenous Social Desirability Scale for Mexico developed using a mixed-methods approach. Scores on the scale with two dimensions show adequate reliability and validity.
BallardR. (1992). Short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Psychological Reports, 71, 1155–1160. doi:10.2466/pr0.71.8.1155-1160
2.
Booth-KewleyS. P. J. E. (1992). Impression management and self-deceptive enhancement among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white navy recruits. Journal of Social Psychology, 132, 323–329.
3.
BorkenauP.OstendorfF. (1992). Social desirability scales as moderator and suppressor variables. European Journal of Personality, 6, 199–214. doi:10.1002/per.2410060303
4.
BurrisC. T.NavaraG. S. (2002). Morality play or playing morality? Intrinsic religious orientation and socially desirable responding. Self & Identity, 1, 67–76. doi:10.1080/152988602317232812
5.
CallawayR. J. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis of two social desirability scales and the investigation of their contribution to measures of well-being (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Canada.
6.
CheungF. M.van de VijverF. J. R.LeongF. T. L. (2011). Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture. American Psychologist, 66, 593–603. doi:10.1037/a0022389
7.
CollazoA. A. (2005). Translation of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale into an equivalent Spanish version. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65, 780–806. doi:10.1177/0013164405275660
8.
CollinsA. M.LoftusE. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.82.6.407
9.
CostaP. T. J.McCraeR. R. (1999). NEO PI-R, inventario de personalidad neo revisado. NEO-FFI, inventario neo reducido de cinco factores [revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)]. Madrid, Spain: TEA Ediciones.
10.
CrandallV. C.GozaliJ. (1969). The social desirability responses of children of four religious-cultural groups. Child Development, 40, 751–762.
11.
CronbachL. J. (1946). Response sets and test validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 6, 475–494.
12.
CrowneD. P.MarloweD. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354. doi:10.1037/h0047358
13.
CrowneD. P.MarloweD. (1964). The approval motive. New York, NY: Wiley.
14.
Díaz-GuerreroR. (1977). A Mexican psychology. American Psychologist, 32, 934–944. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.11.934
15.
Díaz-GuerreroR. (1993). Mexican etnopsychology. In KimU.BerryJ. W. (Eds.), Indigenous psychology (pp. 44–55). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16.
Díaz-GuerreroR. (2003). Bajo las garras de la cultura [Under the clutches of the culture]. Mexico: Trillas.
17.
Díaz-LovingR.DragunsJ. G. (1999). Culture, meaning, and personality in Mexico and in the United States. In LeeY.-T.McCauleyC. R.DragunsJ. G. (Eds.), Personality and person perception across cultures (pp. 103–126). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
18.
Díaz-LovingR.Reyes-LagunesI.Rivera-AragónS. (2002). Autoconcepto: Desarrollo y validación de un inventario etnopsicológico [Self-concept: Development and validity of an ethno psychological inventory]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica, 13(1), 29–54.
19.
Domínguez-EspinosaA. C.Salas MenottiI.Reyes LagunesI. (2008). Validez concurrente de la Escala de Deseabilidad Social de Domínguez utilizando la Escala de Deseabilidad Social de Marlowe-Crowne [Concurrent validity of the Social Desirability scale of Domínguez using the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica, 25(1), 125–139.
20.
DuckR. J.HunsbergerB. (1999). Religious orientation and prejudice: The role of religious proscription, right-wing authoritarianism and social desirability. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9, 157–179. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0903_1
21.
DudleyN. M.McFarlandL. A.GoodmanS. A.HuntS. T.SydellE. J. (2005). Racial differences in socially desirable responding in selection contexts: Magnitude and consequences. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 50–64. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8501_05
22.
DurisM.BjorckJ. P.GorsuchR. L. (2007). Christian subcultural differences in item perceptions of the MMPI-2 Lie Scale. Journal of Psychology & Christianity, 26, 356–366.
23.
EdwardsA. L. (1957). The social desirability variable in personality assessment and research. Fort Worth, TX: Dryden Press.
24.
EllisJ. B.SmithP. C. (1991). Spiritual well-being, social desirability and reasons for living: Is there a connection?International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 37, 57–63. doi:10.1177/002076409103700108
25.
FigueroaJ. G.GonzalezE. G.SolisV. M. (1981). Una aproximación al problema del significado: Las redes semánticas [An approximation of the problem of meaning: The semantic systems]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 13, 447–458.
26.
FisherG. M.ParsonsT. H. (1962). The performance of male prisoners on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18, 140–141. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(196204)18:2<140::aid-jclp2270180209>3.0.co;2-4
27.
FrancisL. J.LewisC. A.NgP. T.-M. (2003). Psychological health and attitude toward christianity among secondary school pupils in Hong Kong. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 4, 231–245.
28.
GarciaW.GudykunstW. B.Ting-ToomeyS.NishidaT. (1996). Respeto: A mexican base for interpersonal relationships. In GudykunstW. B.Ting-ToomeyS. (Eds.), Communication in personal relationships across cultures (pp. 137–173). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29.
GossopM. R.EysenckS. B. G. (1983). A comparison of the personality of drug addicts in treatment with that of a prison population. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 207–209. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(83)90023-5
30.
GoveW. R.GeerkenM. R. (1977). Response bias in surveys of mental health: An empirical investigation. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 1289–1317.
31.
HaapasaloJ. (1990). Sensation seeking and Eysenck’s personality dimensions in an offender sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 81–84. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90171-m
32.
HareR. D. (1982). Psychopathy and the personality dimensions of psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 35–42. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(82)90072-1
33.
HepperE. G.GramzowR. H.SedikidesC. (2010). Individual differences in self-enhancement and self-protection strategies: An integrative analysis. Journal of Personality, 78, 781–814. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00633.x
34.
HoldenR. R.FekkenG. C. (1989). Three common social desirability scales: Friends, acquaintances, or strangers?Journal of Research in Personality, 23, 180–191. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90022-6
35.
HollowayR. A.WaldripA. M.IckesW. (2009). Evidence that a simpático self-schema accounts for differences in the self-concepts and social behavior of Latinos versus whites (and blacks). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1012–1028.
36.
HoughL. M. (1998). Effects of intentional distortion in personality measurement and evaluation of suggested palliatives. Human Performance, 11, 209–244. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1102&3_6
37.
KalichmanS. C. (1990). Affective and personality characteristics of MMPI profile subgroups of incarcerated rapists. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 19, 443–459. doi:10.1007/bf02442347
38.
La RosaJ.Díaz-LovingR. (1991). Evaluación del autoconcepto: Una escala multidimensional [Evaluation of the self-concept: A multidimensional inventory.]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 23, 15–33.
39.
LarsenK. S.MartinH. J.EttingerR. H.NelsonJ. (1976). Approval seeking, social cost, and aggression: A scale and some dynamics. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 94, 3–11.
40.
LeakG. K.FishS. (1989). Religious orientation, impression management, and self-deception: Toward a clarification of the link between religiosity and social desirability. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 355–359. doi:10.2307/1386746
41.
LiA.BaggerJ. (2006). Using the BIDR to distinguish the effects of impression management and self-deception on the criterion validity of personality measures: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 14, 131–141. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00339.x
42.
LoBelloS. G.SimsB. N. (1993). Fakability of a commercially produced pre-employment integrity test. Journal of Business and Psychology, 8, 265–273. doi:10.1007/bf02230390
43.
LooR.ThorpeK. (2000). Confirmatory factor analyses of the full and short versions of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 628–635. doi:10.1080/00224540009600503
44.
LückH. E.TimaeusE. (1969). Skalen zur Messung manifester Angst (MAS) und sozialer Wünschbarkeit (SDS-E und SDS-CM) [Scales for the measurement of manifest anxiety (MAS) and social desirability (SDS-E and SDS-CM)]. Diagnostica, 15, 134–141.
45.
MarínG.TriandisH. C.KashimaY.BetancourtH. (1983). Ethnic affirmation versus social desirability: Explaining discrepancies in bilinguals’ responses to a questionnaire. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 173–186. doi:10.1177/0022002183014002003
46.
McCraeR. R.CostaP. T. (1983). Social desirability scales: More substance than style. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 882–888. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.51.6.882
47.
MickD. G. (1996). Are studies of dark side variables confounded by socially desirable responding? The case of materialism. Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 106–119.
48.
MillerK. J.GleavesD. H.HirschT. G.GreenB. A.SnowA. C.CorbettC. C. (2000). Comparisons of body image dimensions by race/ethnicity and gender in a university population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 310–316.
49.
MillhamJ. (1974). Two components of need for approval score and their relationship to cheating following success and failure. Journal of Research in Personality, 8, 378–392. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(74)90028-2
50.
OnesD. S.ViswesvaranC.ReissA. D. (1996). Role of social desirability in personality testing for personnel selection: The red herring. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 660–679. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.660
51.
OrtizF. A.Timothy ChurchA.de Jesús Vargas-FloresJ.Ibáñez-ReyesJ.Flores-GalazM.Iuit-BriceñoJ. I.EscamillaJ. M. (2007). Are indigenous personality dimensions culture-specific? Mexican inventories and the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 618–649. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.07.002
52.
PaulhusD. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598–609. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598
53.
PaulhusD. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In RobinsonJ. P.ShaverP.WrightsmanL. S. (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (Vol. 1, pp. 17–59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
54.
PaulhusD. L. (1998a). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1197–1208. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197
55.
PaulhusD. L. (1998b). Manual of the balanced inventory of desirable responding. Paulhus deception scales: User’s manual. Buffalo, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
56.
PaulhusD. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In BraunH. I.JacksonD. N.WileyD. E. (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement (pp. 49–69). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
57.
PaulhusD. L.JohnO. P. (1998). Egoistic and moralistic biases in self-perception: The interplay of self-deceptive styles with basic traits and motives. Journal of Personality, 66, 1025–1060. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00041
58.
RamanaiahN. V.MartinH. J. (1980). On the two-dimensional nature of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44, 507–514. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4405_11
59.
RamanaiahN. V.SchillT.LeungL. S. (1977). A test of the hypothesis about the two-dimensional nature of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 11, 251–259. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(77)90022-8
60.
Reyes-LagunesI. (1993). Las redes semánticas naturales, su conceptualización y su utilización en la construcción de instrumentos [Natural semantic networks, its conceptualization and use in the construction of instruments]. Revista de Psicologia Social y Personalidad, 9(1), 83–99.
61.
RibasR. d. C.Jr.MouraM. L. S. d.HutzC. S. (2004). Adaptação brasileira da escala de desejabilidade social de Marlowe-Crowne [Brasilian adaptation of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale]. Avaliação Psicológica, 3, 83–92.
62.
RossC. E.MirowskyJ. (1984). Socially-desirable response and acquiescence in a cross-cultural survey of mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 189–197.
63.
SackettP. R.HarrisM. M. (1984). Honesty testing for personnel selection: A review and critique. Personnel Psychology, 37, 221–245. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1984.tb01447.x
SammonS. D.ReznikoffM.GeisingerK. F. (1985). Psychosocial development and stressful life events among religious professionals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 676–687. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.3.676
66.
Sanchez-BurksJ.NisbettR. E.YbarraO. (2000). Cultural styles, relationship schemas, and prejudice against out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 174–189. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.174
67.
SchwartzS. H. (2011). Studying values: Personal adventure, future directions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, 307–319. doi:10.1177/0022022110396925
68.
ShultzK. S.ChávezD. V. (1994). The reliability and factor structure of a social desirability scale in English and in Spanish. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 935–940. doi:10.1177/0013164494054004009
69.
SlatonB. J.KernR. M.CurletteW. L. (2000). Personality profiles of inmates. Journal of Individual Psychology, 56, 88–109.
70.
SmithH. L.RobinsonE. H. M.IIIYoungM. E. (2007). The relationship among wellness, psychological distress, and social desirability of entering master’s-level counselor trainees. Counselor Education & Supervision, 47, 96–109.
71.
StöberJ. (1999). Die soziale-erwünschtheits-Skala-17 (ses-17): Entwicklung und erste Befünde zu Reliabilität und Validität [The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17): Development and first results on reliability and validity]. Diagnostica, 45, 173–177. doi:10.1026//0012-1924.45.4.173
72.
StöberJ. (2001). The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 222–232. doi:10.1027//1015-5759.17.3.222
73.
StrahanR. F.GerbasiK. C. (1972). Short, homogeneous versions of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 191–193. doi:10.1002/1097-4679
74.
StucklessN.FordB. D.VitelliR. (1995). Vengeance, anger and irrational beliefs in inmates: A caveat regarding social desirability. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 1–6. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00134-e
75.
TriandisH. C.MarínG.LisanskyJ.BetancourtH. (1984). Simpatía as a cultural script of Hispanics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1363–1375. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1363
76.
TrimbleD. E. (1997). The religious orientation scale: Review and meta-analysis of social desirability effects. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57, 970–986. doi:10.1177/0013164497057006007
77.
UzielL. (2010). Rethinking social desirability scales. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 243–262. doi:10.1177/1745691610369465
78.
Valdez MedinaJ. L. (1996). La evaluación del autoconcepto a través de la técnica de redes Semánticas [Evaluation of the self-concept using the semantic networks technique]. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 13, 175–185.
79.
van de VijverF. J. R.LeungK. (2000). Methodological issues in psychological research on culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 33–51. doi:10.1177/0022022100031001004
80.
WatsonP. J.MorrisR. J.FosterJ. E.HoodR. W.Jr. (1986). Religiosity and social desirability. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 25, 215–232.