This conceptual and practical overview of multilevel modeling (MLM) for researchers in counseling and development provides guidelines on setting up SPSS to perform MLM and an example of how to present the findings. It also provides a discussion on how counseling and developmental researchers can use MLM to address their own research questions.
AikenL. S.WestS. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2.
BalkinR. S.SheperisC. J. (2011). Evaluating and reporting statistical power in counseling research. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89, 268–272.
3.
BockR. D. (1989).Multilevel analysis of educational data. New York, NY: Academic Press.
4.
BronfenbrennerU. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5.
BronfenbrennerU. (2004). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6.
BrykA. S.RaudenbushS. W. (1987). Application of hierarchical linear models to assessing change. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 147–158.
7.
BrykA. S.RaudenbushS. W.CongdonR. (1996). HLM: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling with the HLM/2L and HLM/3L programs. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software.
8.
FleesonW. (2001). Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011–1027.
9.
FleesonW. (2007). Studying personality processes: Explaining change in between-persons longitudinal and within-person multilevel models. In RobinsR. W.FraleyR. C.KruegerR. F. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 523–542). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
10.
FrancisD. J.FletcherJ. M.StuebingK. K.DavidsonK. C.ThompsonN. M. (1991). Analysis of change: Modeling individual growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 27–37.
11.
HuntB.TrustyJ. (2011). Introduction to the special section. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89, 259–260.
12.
KahnJ. A. (2011). Multilevel modeling: Overview and applications to research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 257–271.
13.
KalaianS. A. (2003). Meta-analysis methods for synthesizing treatment effects in multisite studies: Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) perspective. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8(15). Retrieved from http://PAREonline.net/getvn.asp?v=8&n=15
14.
LynchM. F. (2012). Attachment, autonomy, and emotional reliance: A multilevel model. Manuscript submitted for publication.
15.
LynchM. F.La GuardiaJ. G.RyanR. M. (2009). On being yourself in different cultures: Ideal and actual self-concept, autonomy support, and well-being in China, Russia, and the United States. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 290–304.
16.
MeyersL. S.GamstG.GuarinoA. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17.
NorusisM. J. (2011). IBM SPSS Statistics 19 guide to data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
18.
RaudenbushS. W. (1988). Educational applications of hierarchical linear models: A review. Journal of Educational Statistics, 13, 85–116.
19.
ReiseS. P.DuanN. (1999). Multilevel modeling and its application in counseling psychology research. Counseling Psychologist, 27, 528–551.
20.
RobinsonW. S. (1950). Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. American Sociological Review, 15, 351–357.
21.
RyanR. M.La GuardiaJ. G.Solky-ButzelJ.ChirkovV.KimY. (2005). On the interpersonal regulation of emotions: Emotional reliance across gender, relationships, and cultures. Personal Relationships, 12, 145–163.
22.
RyanR. M.LynchM. F.VansteenkisteM.DeciE. L. (2011). Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change: A look at theory and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 39, 193–260.
23.
TrustyJ. (2011). Quantitative articles: Developing studies for publication in counseling journals. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89, 261–267.
