This study provides a detailed analysis of all race-related articles published in prominent counseling journals between 1995 and 2004. Findings indicate that 75% of articles did not define race variables and in the absence of an operational definition, authors tended to conceptualize race as an inherent biological variable.
Allen, B.P., & Adams, J.Q. (1992). The concept "race": Let's go back to the beginning . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 163-168.
2.
Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3.
Ancis, J.R., Sedlacek, W.E., & Mohr, J.J. (2000). Student perceptions of campus cultural climate by race. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 180-185.
4.
Bentacourt, H., & Lopez, S.R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race inAmerican psychology. American Psychologist, 48, 629-637.
5.
Beutler, L.E., Brown, M.T., Crothers, L., Booker, K., & Seabrook, M.K. (1996). The dilemma of factitious demographic distinctions in psychological research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 892-902.
6.
Brown, S.P., Parham, T.A., & Yonkers, R. (1996). Influence of a cross-cultural training course on racial identity attitudes of White women and men: Preliminary perspectives . Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 510-516.
7.
Burkard, A.W., & Knox, S. (2004). The effect of therapist color-blindness on empathy and attributions in cross-cultural counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 387-397.
8.
Cameron, S.C., & Wycoff, S.M. (1998). The destructive nature of the term race: Growing beyond a false paradigm. Journal of Counseling and Development , 76, 277-285.
9.
Clark, R., Anderson, N.B., Clark, V.R., & Williams, D.R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist , 54, 805-816.
10.
Cokley, K.O. (2002). Testing Cross's revised racial identity model: An examination of the relationship between racial identity and internalized racialism. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 476-483.
11.
Cross, W.E. (1971). The Negro-to-Black conversion experience. Black World, 20, 13-27.
12.
Cross, W.E. (1978). The Thomas and Cross models of psychological nigrescence . Journal of Black Psychology, 5, 13-31.
13.
Cross, W.E. (1991). Shades of Black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
14.
Cuellar, I., Harris, L.C., & Jasso, R. (1980). An acculturation scale for Mexican American normal and clinical populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 2, 199-217.
15.
Delgado-Romero, E.A., Galvan, N., Maschino, P., & Rowland, M. (2005). Race and ethnicity in empirical counseling and counseling psychology research: A 10-year review. The Counseling Psychologist, 33, 419-448.
16.
Fischer, A.R., & Shaw, C.M. (1999). African Americans' mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 395-407.
17.
Fish, J.M. (2000). What anthropology can do for psychology: Facing physic envy, ethnocentrism, and a belief in "race." American Anthropologist, 102, 552-563.
18.
Helms, J.E. (1984). Toward a theoretical explanation of the effects of race on counseling: A Black and White model. The Counseling Psychologist, 12, 153-165.
19.
Helms, J.E. (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research and practice. Westport, CT: Greenwood .
20.
Helms, J.E. (1994). How multiculturalism obscures racial factors in the therapy process: Comment on Ridley et al. (1994), Sodowsky et al. (1994), Ottavi et al. (1994), and Thompson et al. (1994). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 162-165.
21.
Helms, J.E. (1995). An update of Helms's White and people of color racial identity models. In J. G. Ponterotto , J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 181-198). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
22.
Helms, J.E. (1999). Another meta-analysis of the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Guidance, 32, 122-137.
23.
Helms, J.E., & Carter, R.T. (1990). Development of the white racial identity attitude inventory. In J. E. Helms (Ed.), Black and White racial identity: Theory, research and practice (pp. 67-80). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
24.
Helms, J.E., Jernigan, M., & Mascher, J. (2005). The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective. American Psychologist, 60, 27-36.
25.
Heppner, P.P., Kivlighan, D.M., & Wampold, B.E. (1999). Research design in counseling. Delmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
26.
Jones, J. (1997). Prejudice and racism. New York : McGraw-Hill.
27.
Knox, S., Burkard, A.W., Johnson, A.J., Suzuki, L.A., & Ponterotto, J.G. (2003). African-American and European-American therapists' experiences of addressing race in cross-racial psychotherapy dyads . Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 466-481.
28.
Kohatsu, E.L., Dulay, M., Lam, C., Concepcion, W., Perez, P., Lopez, C., & Euler, J. (2000). Using racial identity theory to explore racial mistrust and interracial contact among Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 334-342.
29.
Krogman, W.M. (1945). Concept of race. In R. Linton (Ed.), The science of a man in a world in crisis (pp. 38-62). New York: Columbia University Press.
30.
Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E.A. (1996). The Schedule of Racist Events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences . Journal of Black Psychology, 22, 144-168.
31.
Lattimore, R.R., & Borgen, F.H. (1999). Validity of the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory with racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 185-195.
32.
Liang, C.T., Li, L.C., & Kim, B.S. (2004). The Asian American Racism-Related Stress Inventory: Development, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 103-114.
33.
Mitchell, S.L., & Dell, D.M. (1992). The relationship between Black students' racial identity attitude and participation in campus organizations. Journal of College Student Development, 33, 39-43.
34.
Neville, H.A., & Carter, R.T. (2005). Race and racism in counseling psychology research, training, and practice: A critical review, current trends, and future directions . The Counseling Psychologist, 33, 413-418.
35.
Parham, T., & Helms, J.E. (1981). The influence of Black students' racial identity attitudes on preference for counselor's race. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 250-257.
36.
Phinney, J. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with adolescents and young adults from diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156-176.
37.
Smedley, A., & Smedley, B.D. (2005). Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist, 60, 16-26.
38.
Sue, S. (1999). Science, ethnicity, and bias: Where have we gone wrong?American Psychologist, 54, 1070-1077.
39.
Thompson, C.E., & Jenal, S.T. (1994). Interracial and intraracial quasi-counseling interactions when counselors avoid discussing race. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 484-491.
40.
Tylor, E.B. (1974). Primitive culture: Researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom. New York: Gordon Press.
41.
Utsey, S.O., & Ponterotto, J.G. (1996). Development and validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 490-501.
42.
Wilkinson, D. (1993). Family ethnicity in America. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Family ethnicity: Strength in diversity (pp. 15-59). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
