The author proposes a framework for self-regulation in a global setting, concentrating on the industry level of economic activity. He first reviews industry self-regulation in a domestic setting and then extends the discussion to the global setting. He concludes with a discussion of his framework, which can serve as a springboard for further theory development and research.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlbaumGerald (1992), “Current Status and Future Directions for Research on Direct Selling Channels,”Journal of Marketing Channels, 2 (2), 95–117.
2.
AllerheiligenRobert, GrahamJohn L., and LinChi-Yuan (1985), “Honesty in Interorganizational Negotiations in the United States, Japan, Brazil, and the Republic of China,”Journal of Macromarketing, 5 (Fall), 4–16.
3.
AsanteSamuel K. B. (1979), “United Nations: International Regulation of Transnational Corporations,”Journal of World Trade Law, 13 (January/February), 55–66.
4.
AsanteSamuel K. B. (1989), “The Concept of the Good Corporate Citizen in International Business,”ICSID Review—Foreign Investment Law Journal, 4 (Spring), 1–38.
5.
BallamDeborah A. (1994), “The Evolution of the Government-Business Relationship in the United States: Colonial Times to the Present,”American Business Law Journal, 21 (February), 553–640.
6.
BaumhartRaymond (1968), An Honest Profit.New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
7.
BeckerHelmut, and FritzscheDavid J. (1987), “A Comparison of the Ethical Behavior of American, French, and German Managers,”Columbia Journal of World Business, 22 (Winter), 87–95.
8.
BowieNorman E. (1979), “Business Codes of Ethics: Window Dressing or Legitimate Alternative to Government Regulation?” in Ethical Theory and Business, BeauchampTom L., and BowieNorman E., eds. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
9.
BraunJohn (1992), “How to Achieve a Single Market for Direct Selling,”Towards a Single Market for Direct Selling.Brussels, Belgium: Federation of European Direct Selling Associations, 9.
10.
BrittenhamHarry M., CoombsLynn Kirby, HendermanKeith, MannRobert, and ReitnerBarnet (1969), “The Direct Selling Industry: An Empirical Study,”UCLA Law Review, 16 (September), 890–1031.
11.
Broadcasting (1977), “MBS Purchaser Under FTC Gun,” (October 10), 51.
12.
BuckhornRobert F. (1972), Nader: The People's Lawyer.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
13.
Caterpillar, Inc. (1992), Caterpillar Code of Worldwide Business Conduct and Operating Principles.Peoria, IL: Caterpillar, Inc.
14.
ChanceSteven K. (1978), “Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations,”The Business Lawyer, 33 (April), 1799–820.
15.
Chemical Week (1981), “Codes of Conduct: Worry Over New Restraints on Multinationals,” (July 15), 48–52.
16.
ClarkTerry P., VaradarajanRaj an, and PrideWilliam M. (1994), “Environmental Management: The Construct and Research Propositions,”Journal of Business Research, 29 (January), 23–38.
17.
DeLongJames V., SolowRobert M., ButtersGerard, CalfeeJohn, IppolitoPauline, and NisbetRobert A. (1981), “Defending Cost-Benefit Analysis,”Regulation, 5 (March/April), 39–43.
18.
Direct Selling Association (1996), Fact Sheet.Washington, DC: Direct Selling Association.
19.
DonaldsonThomas (1985), “Multinational Decision-Making: Reconciling International Norms,”Journal of Business Ethics, 4 (August), 357–66.
20.
DunnS. Watson, CahillMartin F., and BoddewynJean J. (1979), How Fifteen Transnational Corporations Manage Public Affairs.Chicago: Crain Books.
21.
Federal Trade Commission (1972), “Cooling-Off Period for Door-to-Door Sales,”37 Fed. Reg.207 (October 26), 22934–61.
22.
Federation of European Direct Selling Associations (1992), Paper on Direct Selling.Brussels, Belgium: Federation of European Direct Selling Associations.
23.
Federation of European Direct Selling Associations (1995a), FEDSA Annual Report 1995.Brussels, Belgium: Federation of European Direct Selling Associations.
24.
Federation of European Direct Selling Associations (1995b), European Codes of Conduct for Direct Selling.Brussels, Belgium: Federation of European Direct Selling Associations.
25.
FritzscheDavid J. (1985), “Ethical Issues in Multinational Marketing,” in Marketing Ethics: Guidelines for Managers, LaczniakGene R., and MurphyPatrick E., eds. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 85–96.
26.
GarvinDavid A. (1983), “Can Industry Self-Regulation Work?”California Management Review, 25 (Summer), 37–52.
27.
GoreyHays (1975), Nader and the Power of Everyman.New York: Grosset & Dunlap.
28.
GrahamJohn L. (1984), “The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A New Perspective,”Journal of International Business Studies, 15 (Winter), 107–21.
29.
GreenhillColin R. (1978), “UNCTAD: Control of Restrictive Business Practices,”Journal of World Trade Law, 12 (January/February), 67–74.
30.
GrosseRobert (1982), “Codes of Conduct for Multinational Enterprises,”Journal of World Trade Law, 16 (September/October), 414–33.
31.
GuptaAnil K., and LadLawrence J. (1983), “Industry Self-Regulation: An Economic, Organizational, and Political Analysis,”Academy of Management Review, 8 (July), 416–25.
32.
HaddockGeorge B. (1968), “The Right of Trade Associations to Deny Membership and to Expel Members,”Antitrust Bulletin, 13 (Summer), 555–66.
33.
HahnRobert W., and HirdJohn A. (1991), “The Costs and Benefits of Regulation: Review and Synthesis,”Yale Journal on Regulation, 8 (Winter), 233–78.
34.
HemphillThomas A. (1992), “Self-Regulating Industry Behavior: Antitrust Limitations and Trade Association Codes of Conduct,”Journal of Business Ethics, 11 (December), 915–20.
35.
HoffmanJoel E. (1968), “Industry-Wide Codes, Advertising, Seals of Approval and Standards: As Participated In by the Trade Association,”Antitrust Bulletin, 13 (Summer), 595–605.
36.
HofstedeGeert (1983), “The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories,”Journal of International Business Studies, 14 (Fall), 75–89.
37.
HollowayJohn W. (1990), speech to the World Federation of Direct Selling Associations Congress, Buenos Aires (October).
38.
HummelRobert B. (1968), “Antitrust Problems of Industry Codes of Advertising, Standardization, and Seals of Approval,”Antitrust Bulletin, 13 (Summer), 607–18.
39.
International Chamber of Commerce (1978), International Code of Direct Sales Practice, Paris: International Chamber of Commerce, 1–18.
40.
JacobsJerald A. (1981), Association Law Handbook.Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.
41.
KaikatiJack G., and LabelWayne A. (1980), “American Bribery Legislation: An Obstacle to International Marketing,”Journal of Marketing, 44 (Fall), 38–43.
42.
KelmanSteven (1981), “Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Ethical Critique,”Regulation, 5 (January/February), 33–40.
43.
KeoghJames (1988), Corporate Ethics: A Prime Business Asset.New York: The Business Roundtable.
44.
KlineJohn M. (1985), International Codes and Multinational Business.Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
45.
KrumJames R., and GreenhillRichard H. (1972), “The Extent of Industry Self-Regulation Through Trade Association Codes of Ethics,”Antitrust Bulletin, 17 (Summer), 379–92.
46.
LaBarberaPriscilla A. (1983), “The Diffusion of Trade Association Advertising Self-Regulation,”Journal of Marketing, 47 (Winter), 58–67.
47.
LaczniakGene R., and NaorJacob (1985), “Global Ethics: Wrestling with the Corporate Conscience,”Business, 35 (July-September), 3–10.
48.
LadLawrence J. (1991), “Industry Self-Regulation as Interfirm and Multisector Collaboration: The Case of the Direct Selling Industry,”Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, 12, 155–78.
49.
LadLawrence J. (1992), Current Principles and Practices in Association Self-Regulation.Washington, DC: American Society of Association Executives.
50.
LangloisCatherine C., and SchlegelmilchBodo B. (1990), “Do Corporate Codes of Ethics Reflect National Character? Evidence from Europe and the United States,”Journal of International Business Studies, 21 (4), 519–39.
51.
LevinHarvey J. (1967), “The Limits of Self-Regulation,”Columbia Law Review, 67 (April), 603–44.
52.
MaitlandIan (1985), “The Limits of Business Self-Regulation,”California Management Review, 27 (Spring), 132–47.
53.
ManleyWalter W.II (1991), Executive's Handbook of Model Business Conduct Codes.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
54.
MargolisDaniel H. (1968), “Recent Developments in Trade Regulation Law Relating to Trade Associations,”Antitrust Bulletin, 13 (Summer), 539–53.
NewmanBarry (1980), “Consumer Protection Is Underdeveloped in the Third World,”The Wall Street Journal, 195 (April 8), 1, 23.
57.
OffenNeil H. (1976), “Commentary on Code of Ethics of Direct Selling Association,” in The Ethical Basis of Economic Freedom, HillIvan, ed. Chapel Hill, NC: American Viewpoint, Inc.
58.
O'NeillEileen Creamer (1972), “Creating and Promoting a Code of Ethics,”Association Management, 24 (November), 44–50.
59.
PettyRoss D., and KoppRobert J. (1995), “Advertising Challenges: A Strategic Framework and Current Review,”Journal of Advertising Research, 35 (March/April), 41–55.
60.
PfefferJeffrey, and SalancikGerald R. (1978), The External Control of Organizations.New York: Harper & Row.
61.
PosnerRichard A. (1974), “Theories of Economic Regulation,”Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 5 (Autumn), 335–58.
62.
RaibornCecily A., and PayneDinal (1990), “Corporate Codes of Conduct: A Collective Conscience and Continuum,”Journal of Business Ethics, 9 (November), 879–89.
63.
RedekerJames R. (1990), “Codes of Conduct as Corporate Culture,”HR Magazine, 35 (July), 83–87.
RockefellerEdwin S. (1965), “Industry Efforts at Self-Regulation,”Antitrust Bulletin, 10 (Summer), 555–64.
66.
RotfeldHerbert J. (1992), “Power and Limitations of Media Clearance Practices and Advertising Self-Regulation,”Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 11 (Spring), 87–95.
67.
SchöllhammerHans (1977), “Ethics in an International Business Context,”Management International Review, 17 (February), 23–33.
68.
SchwammHenri (1978), “The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises,”Journal of World Trade Law, 12 (July/August), 342–51.
69.
SherByron D. (1968), “The ‘Cooling-Off’ Period in Door-To-Door Sales,”UCLA Law Review, 15 (July), 717–86.
70.
SmithN. Craig, and QuelchJohn A. (1993), Ethics in Marketing.Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
71.
SternLouis L. (1971), “Consumer Protection via Self-Regulation,”Journal of Marketing, 35 (July), 47–53.
72.
SteygerElies (1993), “European Community Law and the Self-Regulating Capacity of Society,”Journal of Common Market Studies, 31 (June), 171–90.
73.
StiglerGeorge J. (1971), “The Theory of Economic Regulation,”Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 2 (Spring), 3–21.
74.
TaylorR. William (1990), “The Role of Associations: Creating and Enforcing Standards,”Association Management, 42 (August), 130.
75.
VelasquezManuel G. (1988), Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases, 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
76.
WagnerSusan (1972), “Encyclopaedia Britannica Under Heavy Fire From FTC,”Publishers Weekly, (August 7), 30.
77.
WestingJ. Howard (1967), “Some Thoughts on the Nature of Ethics in Marketing,” in Changing Marketing Systems, MoyerR., ed. Chicago: American Marketing Association, 161–63.
78.
World Federation of Direct Selling Associations (1994), World Codes of Conduct for Direct Selling.Washington, DC: World Federation of Direct Selling Associations.
79.
World Federation of Direct Selling Associations (1996), Worldwide Direct Sales Data.Washington, DC: World Federation of Direct Selling Associations.
80.
WotrubaThomas R. (1990), “A Comprehensive Framework for the Analysis of Ethical Behavior, With a Focus on Sales Organizations,”Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 10 (Spring), 29–42.
81.
WotrubaThomas R. (1992), “Direct Selling in the Year 2000,” in The Future of U.S. Retailing, PetersonRobert A., ed. New York: Quorum Books, 187–211.
82.
WotrubaThomas R. (1995), Moral Suasion: Development of the U.S. Direct Selling Association Industry Code of Ethics.Washington, DC: Direct Selling Association.
83.
ZeidmanPhilip F. (1995), “The Regulation of International Franchising: Redefining ‘Voluntary,'”Franchising World, 27 (May/June), 40–41.
84.
ZeithamlCarl P., and ZeithamlValarie A. (1984), “Environmental Management: Revising the Marketing Perspective,”Journal of Marketing, 48 (Spring), 46–53.
85.
ZwickerDieter G. (1984), “Trade Associations in Germany and the United States of America—Antitrust Restrictions on the Ability of Trade Associations to Regulate Themselves,”Antitrust Bulletin, 29 (Winter), 775–831.
