Competitors are increasingly relying on collaborative relationships guided by intermediate forms of governance (i.e., strategic alliances, hybrids, networks) to find and maintain competitive advantages. In contrast, antitrust analysis has emphasized cartels and joint ventures as the primary modes of collaboration among competitors. This focus overlooks many intermediate forms of governance. This and other trends in antitrust have resulted in confusion over proper treatment of collaborative relationships. The authors examine these trends with the objective of developing an analytical framework that clarifies current law for horizontal collaboration. Implications for managerial practice, policy, and research are provided.
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