In the years following World War II, American colleges and universities experienced unprecedented growth due to the numbers of returning veterans who, aided by the G.I. Bills, flocked to higher education. Administrators at all levels prepared for the new students with great apprehension. They experimented with new formats and approaches which would ease their way. This paper examines the development of testing and evaluation procedures during this period. In particular, it examines some of the assumptions associated with evaluation techniques and the assumptions connected to their widespread acceptance. In addition, it raises questions about the nature of the precedent set by these reforms and their importance to present-day adult education.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Council on Education Special Committee on the Army Institute. (1942, April). Memorandum to the joint army and navy committee on welfare and recreation subcommittee on education, attention Francis J. Brown. Washington, DC: ACE Archives, Records of the Executive Committee, Entry 2, Box 6, File 1
2.
American Council on Education Special Committee on the Army Institute. (1942, April). Memorandum #2 to the Joint Army and Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation Subcommittee on Education, Procedures to be followed by the staff in developing appraisal tests for correspondence courses in the Army Institute. Washington, DC: ACE Archives, Records of the Executive Committee, Entry 2 Box 6 File 1
3.
American Council on Education. (1943, October). Report of special committee to advisory committee, minutes of the meeting of the advisory committee for the United States Armed Forces Institute, Washington, DC: ACE Archives
4.
American Council on Education. (1943, October). Minutes of the ACE conference on accreditation. Washington, DC: ACE Archives
5.
American Council on Education. (1943, November). Minutes of the meeting of the executive committee. Washington, DC: ACE Archives, Entry 2, Box 6, File 6
6.
American Council on Education Committee on Accrediting Procedures. (1944, January). Statement relative to college credit for military experience and for experience in civilian activities related to the war. Washington D. C.: ACE Archives, Entry 10, Box 24, Folder 8
7.
Advisory Committee for the United States Armed Forces Institute. (1943). Minutes of meeting. Washington D. C.: National Archives, RG 225, Entry 18 Box 32, Folder
8.
BarrowsT. N. (1949). The G. E. D. tests - a rejoinder.College and University, 24, 264–6
9.
BatmaleL. F. (1948). Veterans’ high-school graduation by examination.The School Review, 56, 229–35
10.
BleckwennW. J. (1945). He takes off his uniform. Proceedings of the Institute on Readjusting with the Returning Servicemen. Chicago, Illinois: The Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene
11.
BonneyM. E. (1943). Some psychological effects of war on soldiers.Teachers College Journal15, 42–44
12.
BrownM. W. (1944). When our servicemen come home.Journal of Home Economics, 36, 626–628
13.
BrownF. (1943, October). Letter to Thomas N. Barrows. Washington, DC: ACE Archives
14.
CartwrightM. (1944). Marching home, educational and social adjustment after the war.Teachers College Record, 45, 437–451
15.
Commission on Accrediatation of Service Experiences. (1946, Janary). Minutes of the first meeting. Washington, DC: ACE Archives, Box 33, Folder 4
16.
Commission on Accrediatation of Service Experiences. (1947, February). Progress report. Washington, DC: ACE Archives, Executive Committee Records, Entry 2, Box 3, File 9
17.
ChartersW. W. (1947). Techniques of giving and taking advice: USAFI's advisory committee.The Educational Record, 28, 5–20
18.
DetchenL. (1945). Appraisal of military training and experience: Continuation report.Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 2, 231–237
19.
DetchenL. (1946). Accrediting the educational experiences of the veteran at the college level.Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 21, 371–379
20.
DresselP. (1947). The use of the USAFI general educational development tests.Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 22, 287–292
21.
Editorial comment: The G. E. D. tests again.College and University, 24, 274–275
22.
Editorial comments: General educational development tests. (1946). Journal of Higher Education, 17, 331
23.
ForknerH. (1944a). Demobilization and the American college.Teachers College Record, 45, 381–385
24.
ForknerH. (1944b, November). The G. I. Bill and its implications for education.Teachers College Record, 46,
25.
HallD. E. (1943). America's educated army—a note.Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 19, 101–102
26.
HinesF. (1945, March). The human side of demobilization.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 238, 1–8
27.
HouleC. O.BurrE. W.HamiltonT. H.YaleJ. R. (1947). The Armed Services and Adult Education.Washington, DC: American Council on Education
28.
KnowlesM. (1977)). The adult education movement in the U. S.Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company
29.
McGrathE. (1944, March). The college program and the returning service man.Association of American Colleges Bulletin, 30, 21–31
30.
MillerJ. H.AllenJ. S. (1947). Veterans challenge the colleges: The New York program, New York: King's Crown Press
31.
MiscampbellF. D. (1947). The advisory service of the commission on accreditation.Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 22, 471–76
32.
OlsonK. W. (1974). The G. I. bill, the veterans, and the colleges.Lexington, KY: The University Press
33.
OsbornF. (1941). Letter to F. J. Brown. Washington, DC: National Archives, RG 225, Entry 22, Box 51, Folder Brown, Francis
34.
PearsonG. (1945). The veteran versus the professor.School and Society, 62, 131–133
35.
PresseyS. L. (1945). Credit by examination: Present use and future need.Journal of Educational Research, 38(8), 596–605
36.
RoseA. D. (1989). Beyond classroom walls: The Carnegie Corporation and the founding of the American Association for Adult Education.Adult Education Quarterly, 39, 140–151
37.
RossD. (1969). Preparing for Ulysses: Politics and veterans during World War II, New York: Columbia University Press
38.
SchwartzR. (1963). Non-military education in the U. S. army and air force, 1900–1960. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University
39.
ShankD. (1944). The influence of governmental agencies on personnel work.Teachers College Record, 46(1), 47–50
40.
Smith, E. R., Tyler, R. W., and the Evaluation Staff. (1942). Appraising and recording student progress.New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc
41.
Sound educational credit for mlitary experience, a recommended program. (1983). Washington, DC: American Council on Education
42.
SpearmanW.BrownJ. R. (1946, January). When the veteran goes to college.South Atlantic Quarterly, 45, 31–42
43.
TurnerC. P. (1950). Accreditation by means of tests. In WilliamsonE. G., (Ed.), Trends in student personnel work. (pp. 380–390). Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota
44.
TuttleG. P. (1957, Spring). A guide to the evaluation of educational experience in the armed services: Its origin, preparation, and present status.College and University, 32(3), 312–318
45.
TyackD.HansotE.LoweR. (1984). Public schools in hard times.Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press
46.
TylerR. W. (1943a). Appraisal of military training and experience.Journal of the American Association of Collegiate Registrars, 18, 345–352
47.
TylerR. W. (1943b). College credit for men in service, I.The North Central Association Quarterly, 18(2)165–170
48.
TylerR. W. (1974). The federal role in education.The Public Interest, 34, 164–187
49.
WallerW. (1944). The veteran comes back.New York: The Dryden Press
50.
WilliamsonE. G. (1944, August). Problems in the education of ex-service personnel. InACE studies, new directions for measurement and guidance: A symposium sponsored by the committee on measurement and guidance. Series I. Reports of committee and conferences, 20(1), 71–81
51.
WoodwardL. (1945). Adjustment problems of veterans.Teachers College Record, 47, 15–19
52.
ZookG. F. (1944, February). Letter to G. W. Rosenlof. ACE Archives, Entry 10, Box 24, Folder 9
