Contradictory approaches to context and written language have clouded understanding of the nature and role of context in composition. This article treats writing within a larger framework of context and language use in general to suggest important interrelationships among writer, context, and text. Implications for writing-process research are examined.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Atwell, M. (1980). The evolution of text: The interrelationship of reading and writing in the composing process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
2.
Beach, R.
(1967). Self-evaluation strategies of extensive revisers and non revisers. College Composition and Communication, 27, 160-164.
3.
Beach, R.
, & Bridwell, L. (Eds.). (1984). New directions in composition research. New York: Guilford.
4.
Berkenkotter, C.
(1981). Understanding a writer's awareness of audience. College Composition and Communication, 32, 388-399.
5.
Bernstein, B.
(1971). Class, codes, and control (Vol. 1). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
6.
Bernstein, B.
(1972). Social class, language and socialization. In P. P. Giglio (Ed.), Language and social contexts (pp. 157-178). Baltimore: Penguin.
7.
Brandt, D. (1983). Writer, context, and text. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
8.
Bridwell, L.
(1980). Revising strategies in twelfth grade students' transactional writing. Research in the Teaching of English, 14, 197-222.
9.
Britton, J.et al.
(1975). The development of writing abilities (pp. 11-18). London: Macmillan.
10.
Chafe, W.
(1982). Integration and involvement in speaking and writing. In D. Tannen (Ed.), Spoken and written language. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
11.
Cicourel, A. V.
(1974). Cognitive sociology: Language and meaning in social interaction. New York: Free Press.
12.
Crowhurst, M.
, and Piché, G. (1979). Audience and mode of discourse effects on syntactic complexity in writing at two grade levels. Research in the Teaching of English, 13, 101-109.
13.
Dillon, G.
(1981). Constructing texts: Elements of a theory of composition and style. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
14.
Emig, J.
(1971). Writing as a mode of learning. College Composition and Communication, 28, 122-128.
15.
Faigley, L.
, & Witte, S. P. (1981). Analyzing revision. College Composition and Communication, 32, 400-407.
16.
Flower, L.
, & Hayes, J. R. (1980a). The dynamics of composing: Making plans and juggling constraints. In L. W. Gregg & E. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Cognitive processes in writing (pp. 31-50). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
17.
Flower, L.
, & Hayes, J. R. (1980b). The cognition of discovery: Defining a rhetorical problem. College Composition and Communication, 31, 21-32.
18.
Flower, L.
, & Hayes, J. R. (1981). A cognitive process theory of writing. College Composition and Communication, 32, 365-387.
19.
Goodman, K.
(1967). Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. Journal of the Reading Specialist, 6, 126-135.
20.
Graves, D.
(1975). An examination of the writing processes of seven year old children. Research in the Teaching of English, 9, 222-241.
21.
Halliday, M. A. K.
(1973). Explorations in the functions of language. London: Edward Arnold.
22.
Halliday, M. A. K.
(1974). Language and social man. London: School Council Publications.
23.
Halliday, M. A. K.
(1975). Learning how to mean: Exploration in the development of language. London: Arnold.
24.
Halliday, M. A. K.
(1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. Baltimore: University Park Press.
25.
Halliday, M. A. K.
, & Hasan, R. (1980). Text and context: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Tokyo: Sophia University Press.
26.
Hirsch, E. D.
(1977). The philosophy of composition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
27.
Kinneavy, J.
(1971). A theory of discourse. New York: W. W. Norton.
28.
Kjolseth, R.
(1971). Making sense: Natural language and shared knowledge in understanding. In J. A. Fishman (Ed.), Advances in the sociology of language, (Vol. 1). The Hague: Mouton.
29.
Kroll, B.
(1983). Speaking-writing relationships in the growth of writing abilities. In P. Stock (Ed.), Forum: Essays on theory and practice in the teaching of writing. Montclair, NJ: Boynton/Cook.
30.
Malinowski, B.
(1923). The problem of meaning in primitive languages. In C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards, The meaning of meaning: A study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
31.
Matsuhashi, A.
(1982). Explorations in the real-time production of written discourse. In M. Nystrand (Ed.), What writers know. New York: Academic Press.
32.
Moerman, M.
(1968). Analysis of lue conversation: Providing accounts, finding breaches and taking sides (Working Paper No. 12). Berkeley, CA: Language Behavior Laboratory.
33.
Mosenthal, P.
(1983). On defining writing and classroom writing competence. In P. Mosenthal, L. Tamor, & S. Walmsley (Eds.), Research on writing: Principles and methods. (pp. 26-71). New York: Longman.
34.
Myers, M.
(1980). A model for the composing process. (National Writing Project Occasional Paper No. 3). Berkeley, CA: Bay Area Writing Project.
35.
Nystrand, M.
(1982). Rhetoric's “audience” and linguistics' “speech community”: Implications for understanding writing, reading and text. In M. Nystrand (Ed.), What writers know: The language, process, and structure of written discourse. New York: Academic Press.
36.
Odell, L.
, & Goswami, D. (1984). Writing in nonacademic settings. In R. Beach, & L. Bridwell (Ed.), New directions in composition research (pp. 233-258). New York: Guilford.
37.
Olson, D.
(1977). From utterance to text: The bias of language in speech and writing. Harvard Educational Review, 47, 257-281.
38.
Perl, S.
(1979). The composing processes of unskilled college writers. Research in the Teaching of English, 13, 317-336.
39.
Pianko, S.
(1979). A description of the composition processes of college freshmen writers. Research in the Teaching of English, 13, 5-22.
40.
Rommetveit, R.
(1974). On message structure: A framework for the study of language and communication. New York: John Wiley.
41.
Rosenblatt, L.
(1978). The reader, the text, the poem: The transactional theory of the literary work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
42.
Sanford, A. J.
, & Garrod, S. G. (1981). Understanding written language. New York: John Wiley.
43.
Schafer, J. C.
(1981). The linguistic analysis of spoken and written texts. In B. M. Kroll & R. J. Vann (Eds.), Exploring speaking and writing relationships. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
44.
Schutz, A.
(1962). Collected papers: The problem of social reality (Vol. 1). The Hague: Mouton.
45.
Shanklin, N. (1980). Relating reading and writing: Developing a transactional theory of the writing process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
46.
Smith, F.
(1978). Understanding reading: A psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
47.
Sommers, N.
(1980). Revision strategies of student writers and experienced adult writers. College Composition and Communication, 31, 378-387.
48.
Stallard, C. K.
(1974). An analysis of the writing behavior of good students. Research in the Teaching of English, 8, 206-218.
49.
Van Dijk, T. A.
, & Kintsch, W. (1983). Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press.