This study examined the role of Hispanic students' friendships with White non-Hispanics (n-Hs) and African Americans (AAs) in predicting implicit and explicit prejudices toward these groups. Participants (N = 73) completed implicit and explicit attitude measures and a friendship questionnaire. Friendships were associated with implicit attitudes such that participants with more White n-H than AA friends exhibited implicit favoritism for White n-Hs. Friendships did not influence explicit attitudes. The authors discuss findings relative to the unique contributions Hispanic samples make to research on the contact hypothesis, systems justification, and environmental association models of implicit attitudes.
Aberson, C.L., & Haag, S.C. (2007). Contact, anxiety, perspective taking, and stereotype endorsement as predictors of implicit and explicit biases. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, 179-201.
2.
Aberson, C.L., Healy, M.R., & Romero, V.L. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 157-173.
3.
Aberson, C.L., Shoemaker, C., & Tomolillo, C.M. (2004). Implicit bias and contact: The role of interethnic friendships. Journal of Social Psychology , 144, 335-347.
4.
Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
5.
Brewer, M.B. (2001). Ingroup identification and intergroup conflict: When does ingroup love become outgroup hate? In R. D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, & D. Wilder (Eds.), Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction (pp. 17-41). New York: Oxford University Press.
6.
Brown, R., Capozza, D., Paladino, M.P., & Volpato C. (1996). Identificazione e favoritismo per il proprio gruppo verica del modello di Hinkle e Brown [Identification and ingroup favoritism: An examination of Hinkle and Brown model]. In P. Boscolo, R. Cristaake, A. Dellantino, & S. Soresi (Eds.), Aspetti qualitivi e quantitative nella ricerca psicologica. [Qualitative and quantitative aspects in psychological research] (pp. 307-318). Padova, Italy: Il Poligrafo.
7.
California State University. (2008). Statistical reports 2007-2008: Fall 2007 profile. Retrieved August 1, 2008, from http://www.calstate.edu/as/stat_reports/2007-2008/f_eth07toc.shtml
8.
Chen, M., & Bargh, J. (1997). Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 541-560.
9.
Dovidio, J.F., & Gaertner, S.L. (1991). Changes in the expression and assessment of racial prejudice. In H. J. Knopke, R. J. Norrell, & R. W. Rogers (Eds.), Opening doors: Perspectives on race relations in contemporary America (pp. 119-148). Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press.
10.
Dovidio, J.F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S.L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62-68.
11.
Dovidio, J.F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510-540.
12.
Eller, A., & Abrams, D. (2003). "Gringos" in Mexico: Cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of language school-promoted contact on intergroup bias. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 55-75.
13.
Eller, A., & Abrams, D. (2004). Come together: Longitudinal comparisons of Pettigrew's reformulated intergroup contact model and the common ingroup identity model in Anglo-French and Mexican-American contexts. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 229-256.
14.
Fazio, R.H., & Olson, M.A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
15.
Gehring, W.J., Karpinski, A., & Hilton, J.L. (2003). Thinking about interracial interactions. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 1241-1243.
16.
Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
17.
Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
18.
Greenwald, A.G., Nosek, B.A., & Banaji, M.R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: 1. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
19.
Henry, P.J., & Hardin, C.D. (2006). The contact hypothesis revisited: Status bias in the reduction of implicit prejudice in the United States and Lebanon. Psychological Science, 17, 862-868.
Jost, J.T., & Banaji, M.R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
22.
Jost, J.T., Banaji, M.R., & Nosek, B.A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25, 881-919.
23.
Jost, J.T., & Hunyady, O. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 260-265.
24.
Karpinski, A., & Hilton, J.L. (2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 774-788.
25.
Lemm, K.M. (2006). Positive associations among interpersonal contact, motivation, and implicit and explicit attitude toward gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 79-99.
26.
McConahay, J.B. (1983). Modern racism and modern discrimination: The effects of race, racial attitudes, and context on simulated hiring decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 551-558.
27.
McConnell, A.R., & Leibold, J.M. (2001). Relations among the Implicit Association Test, discriminatory behavior, and explicit measures of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 435-442.
28.
Pettigrew, T.F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 173-185.
29.
Pettigrew, T.F., & Tropp, L.R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 93-114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
30.
Pettigrew, T.F., & Tropp, L.R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751-783.
31.
Pruett, S.R., & Chan, F. (2006). The development and psychometric validation of the Disability Attitude Implicit Association Test. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51, 202-213.
32.
Quillian, L., & Campbell, M.E. (2003). Beyond Black and White: The present and future of multiracial friendship segregation. American Sociological Review, 68, 540-566.
33.
Sassenberg, K., & Wieber, F. (2005). Don't ignore the other half: The impact of in-group identification on implicit measures of prejudice. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 621-632.
34.
Shelton, J.N. (2000). A reconceptualization of how we study issues of racial prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review , 4, 374-390.
Turner, R., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 369-388.
37.
Umaña-Taylor, A.J., & Fine, M.A. (2001). Methodological implications of grouping Latino adolescents into one collective ethnic group. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 23, 347-362.
38.
Wagner, U., Van Dick, R., Pettigrew, T.F., & Christ, O. (2003). Ethnic prejudice in East- and West-Germany: The explanatory power of intergroup contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 23-37.
39.
Weaver, C.N. (2007). The effects of contact on the prejudice between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites in the United States. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 29, 254-274.
40.
Weyant, J.M. (2005). Implicit stereotyping of Hispanics. Development and validity of a Hispanic version of the Implicit Association Test. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27, 355-363.
