Failure is the pathway to transformation. Employing reflective strategies within the three primary domains of knowledge enhances the learning process amidst failure. Where the suffering of failure can seem traumatic, systematic reflection enables learners to comprehensively analyze their behavior and evaluate its contribution to performance outcomes, resulting in posttraumatic growth and transformative results. Failure, of any kind, need not have the final word.
BastD.Barnes-HolmesD. (2015). Priming thoughts of failing versus succeeding and performance on the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) as a measure of self-forgiveness. Psychological Record, 65(4), 667–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-015-0137-0
2.
BoydD. E.BaudierJ.StromieT. (2015). Flipping the mindset: Reframing fear and failure to catalyze development. To Improve the Academy, 34(1-2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/tia2.20028
3.
CalhounL. G.TedeschiR. G. (2010). Posttraumatic growth. In CraigheadW. E. (Ed.), Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (pp. 1–2). Wiley. Retrieved fromhttps://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0698
4.
CannonD. (1997). New career, old problem: Learning from “things gone wrong”. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 25(4), 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889708253826
5.
CrockerJ.BrookA. T.NiiyaY.VillacortaM. (2006). The pursuit of self-esteem: Contingencies of self-worth and self-regulation. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1749–1771. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00427.x
6.
CusinJ. (2012). Disillusionment from failure as a source of successful learning. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 29(2), 113. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.227
7.
DaveyD. (2019). A phenomenological study of the spiritual formation and restoration of North American pastors who experienced moral descent (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. (Order No. 13897265).
8.
de CastellaR.SimmondsJ. G. (2013). There's a deeper level of meaning as to what suffering's all about: Experiences of religious and spiritual growth following trauma. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16(5), 536–556. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2012.702738
9.
DemasioA. (2005). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain. Penguin Books.
10.
EllisS.CaretteB.AnseelF.LievensF. (2014). Systematic reflection: Implications for learning from failures and successes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413504106
FrancisJ. R. (2011). Evelyn Underhill's developing spiritual theology: A discovery of authentic spiritual life and the place of contemplation. Anglican Theological Review, 93(2), 283–300.
13.
GrudemW. (1994). Systematic theology: An introduction to biblical doctrine. Zondervan.
14.
HansonR. (2011). Understanding neuroplasticity. Greater Good Science Center.
15.
HeadleyJ. A.SangganjanavanichV. F. (2014). A recipe for change: Promoting connection through relational-cultural theory. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 9(2), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2013.879756
16.
HicksC. M.LiuD.HeymanG. D. (2015). Young children’s beliefs about self- disclosure of performance failure and success. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12077
17.
KapurM. (2016). Examining productive failure, productive success, unproductive failure, and unproductive success in learning. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2016.1155457
18.
KimJ. H. (2015). Classnotes. Theories of teaching and learning. Biola University.
MarshallH. R. (1909). The relation of efficiency between the empirical ego and the self, and the general qualities of presentations. In Consciousness (pp. 555–595). MacMillan Co.https://doi.org/10.1037/13632-025
22.
MaskulakM. (2008). Edith Stein and Simone Weil: Reflections for a theology and spirituality of the cross. Theology Today, 64(4), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/004057360806400403
23.
MoserJ. S.SchroderH. S.HeeterC.MoranT. P.LeeY. (2011). Mind your errors: Evidence for a neural mechanism linking growth mind-set to adaptive posterror adjustments. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1484–1489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419520
24.
O’DonnellA. (2014). Another relationship to failure: Reflections on Beckett and education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 48(2), 260. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12064
25.
ParkerP. D.MartinA. J. (2011). Clergy motivation and occupational well-being: Exploring a quadripolar model and its role in predicting burnout and engagement. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(3), 656–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-009-9303-5
26.
RahamimO.GarbiD.ShaharG.MeiranN. (2016). Evaluative processes in self-critical individuals: The role of success and failure inductions. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.083
27.
RiceR. (2014). Suffering and the search for meaning: Contemporary responses to the problem of pain. IVP Academic.
28.
RichardL. (1992). What are they saying about the theology of suffering?Paulist Press.
ScruttonA. P. (2015). Suffering as potentially transformative: A philosophical and pastoral consideration drawing on Henri Nouwen’s experience of depression. Pastoral Psychology, 64(1), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-013-0589-6
ShepherdD. A.CardonM. S. (2009). Negative emotional reactions to project failure and the self-compassion to learn from the experience. Journal of Management Studies, 46(6), 923–949. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00821.x
33.
SiegelD. J. (2012). Mindfulness and neural integration: Reflection, relationships, and resilience. TEDx StudioCityEd.
34.
SlatterM. (2010). Is there growth from suffering? Adversity and the ethics of character. Theoforum, 41(3), 311–335.
35.
StoeberM. (2003). Evelyn Underhill on magic, sacrament, and spiritual transformation. Worship, 77(2), 132–151.
36.
Straehler-PohlH.PaisA. (2014). Learning to fail and learning from failure – ideology at work in a mathematics classroom. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 22(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2013.877207
37.
SuzukiW. (2011). Exercise and the brain. Center for Neural Science, New York University.
38.
TawfikA. A.RongH.ChoiI. (2015). Failing to learn: Towards a unified design approach for failure-based learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 63, 975–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-015-9399-0
39.
TedeschiR.TriplettK. (2012). Spiritual intelligence and posttraumatic growth. In FigleyC. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of trauma: An interdisciplinary guide (pp. 649–652). Sage Publications, Inc.https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218595.n222
40.
TuckI.AndersonL. (2014). Forgiveness, flourishing, and resilience: The influences of expressions of spirituality on mental health recovery. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35(4), 277–282. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.885623
41.
VisJ.BoyntonH. M. (2008). Spirituality and transcendent meaning making: Possibilities for enhancing posttraumatic growth. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 27(1-2), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426430802113814
42.
WellsC. M. (1993). Problems, God’s presence and prayer. Fleming H. Revell.
43.
YoungF. (1983). Suffering. In RichardsonA.BowdenJ. (Eds.), The Westminster dictionary of Christian theology. The Westminster Press.
