This study tested the contrarian proposition that market-driven newspapers value rank-and-file newsworkers as human capital assets. Data from a national survey of U.S. daily newspaper editors partially support the proposition. Newspapers see positive value in the know-how and abilities of their newsworkers, but they do not see enough of it to invest in training and rewards for them.
AbernathyP. M. (2016). The rise of a new media baron and the emerging threat of news deserts. Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
2.
AbernathyP. M. (2018). The expanding news desert. Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
3.
AliC.RadcliffeD. (2017, May10). Life at Small-market Newspapers: A Survey of Over 400 Journalists. Tow Center for Digital Journalism. https://bit.ly/2I2y1yT
American Association of Public Opinion Research. (n.d.). Nonresponse in RDD cell phone surveys. https://tinyurl.com/yb387s8v
6.
ArthurW.Jr.BennettW.Jr.EdensP. S.BellS. T. (2003). Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 234–245.
7.
BagdikianB. H. (2004). The new media monopoly. Beacon Press.
8.
BakerC. E. (2004). Media, markets and democracy. Cambridge University Press.
9.
BaldastyG. J. (1992). The commercialization of news in the nineteenth century. University of Wisconsin Press.
10.
BarneyJ. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99–120.
11.
BaronA. (2011). Measuring human capital. Strategic HR Review, 10(2), 30–35.
12.
BeckerB. E.HuselidM. A. (2006). Strategic human resource management: Where do we go from here?Journal of Management, 32(6), 898–925.
13.
BeckerL. B.VladT.SimpsonH. A. (2014, August6). 2013 annual survey of journalism and mass communication graduates. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia. https://bit.ly/1DYX5Za
CaradonnaJ. L. (2010). Grub Street and suicide: A view from the literary press in late eighteenth-century France. Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 33(1), 23–36.
16.
ChyiH. I.TeneboimO. (2017). Reality check: Multiplatform newspaper readership in the United States, 2007-2015. Journalism Practice, 11(7), 798–819.
17.
ClarkS. (1983). The Elizabethan pamphleteers: Popular moralistic pamphlets: 1580-1640. Associated University Press.
18.
ClarkeB. (2004). From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An illustrated history of English newspapers to 1899. Ashgate Publishing.
19.
ClearyJ. (2006). From the classroom to the newsroom: Professional development in broadcast journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 61(3), 254–266.
CrouthamelJ. L. (1989). Bennett’s New York herald and the rise of the popular press. Syracuse University Press.
22.
DalyC. B. (2012). Covering America: A narrative history of a nation’s journalism. University of Massachusetts Press.
23.
DanielsG. L.HollifieldC. A. (2002). Times of turmoil: Short- and long-term effects of organizational change on newsroom employees. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(3), 661–680.
24.
DarntonR. (1982). The literary underground of the Old Regime. Harvard University Press.
25.
DeanJ. J. (2016). A change of routine: Understanding the relationship between newspaper reporter routines and new technologies in the age of media convergence and economic turmoil [Doctoral dissertation]. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20674
26.
de TocquevilleA. (1845). Democracy in America (Vol. 2). Vintage Books. (Original work published 1840).
27.
DillmanD. A.SmythJ. D.ChristianL. M. (2014). Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method (4th ed.). John Wiley.
28.
DunhamA. H.BurtC. D. B. (2014). Understanding employee knowledge: The development of an organizational memory scale. The Learning Organization, 21(2), 126–145.
29.
EdgeM. (2014). Greatly exaggerated: The myth of the death of newspapers. New Star Books.
30.
EkdaleB.TullyM.HarmsenS.SingerJ. B. (2015). Newswork within a culture of job insecurity: Producing news amidst organizational and industry uncertainty. Journalism Practice, 9(3), 383–398.
FedlerF. (2000). Lessons from the past: Journalists’ lives and work, 1850-1950. Waveland Press.
33.
FinbergH. (2014, November19). New newsroom training reports shows gaps, some progress. Poynter. https://tinyurl.com/sc3k3hr
34.
GadeP. J. (2004). Newspapers and organizational development: Management and journalist perceptions of newsroom cultural change. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 6(1), 3–55.
35.
GollmitzerM. (2019). Employment conditions in journalism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://tinyurl.com/ryboxon
36.
GottfredsonL. S. (1997). Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography. Intelligence, 24(1), 13–23.
37.
GrantR. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(Suppl. 2), 109–122.
38.
GrantR. M. (2002). The knowledge-based view of the firm. In ChooC. W.BontisN. (Eds.), The strategic management of intellectual capital and organizational knowledge (pp. 133–148). Oxford University Press.
39.
GriecoE. (2019, July9). U.S. newsroom employment has dropped by a quarter since 2008, with greatest decline at newspapers. Pew Research Center. https://tinyurl.com/y3otxbb7
40.
HansenK. A.PaulN.DeFosterR.MooreJ. E. (2011). Newspaper training program shows gains in social media. Newspaper Research Journal, 32(3), 40–51.
41.
HardtH. (1990). Newsworkers, technology, and journalism history. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7, 346–365.
42.
HardtH. (1995). Without the rank and file: Journalism history, media workers, and problems of representation. In HardtH.BrennenB. (Eds.), Newsworkers: Toward a history of the rank and file (pp. 1–29). University of Minnesota Press.
43.
HartJ. (1990). The classroom & the newsroom: Missed opportunities for journalism education. Newspaper Research Journal, 11(4), 38–50.
44.
KarrA. (1862). Les Guêpes [The Wasps] (Vol. 6). Michel Lévy. https://tinyurl.com/y9fkn72k (Original work published 1848)
45.
KeeleyB. (2007). Human capital: How what you know shapes your life. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://tinyurl.com/y9vo39pr
46.
LacyS.SohnB. (2011). Market Journalism. In LowreyW.GadeP. J. (Eds.), Changing the news: The forces shaping journalism in uncertain times (pp. 159-176). Routledge.
47.
LepakD. P.SnellS. A. (1999). The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 31–48.
48.
LesterE. (1995). Discursive strategies of exclusion: The ideological construction of newsworkers. In HardtH.BrennenB. (eds.), Newsworkers: Toward a history of the rank and file (pp. 30–47). University of Minnesota Press.
49.
LockeJ. (1997). An essay on human understanding. Penguin Books. (Original work published 1689).
50.
LockeJ. (2013). Two treaties of government. Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1689)
51.
MacDonaldJ.SalibaA. J.HodginsG.OvingtonL. A. (2016). Burnout in journalists: A systematic literature review. Burnout Research, 3(2), 34–44.
52.
McLellanM.PorterT. (2007). Newsroom training: Essential, yet too often ignored. Nieman Reports, 61(3), 90–91.
53.
McManusJ. H. (1994). Market-driven journalism: Let the citizen beware?Sage.
54.
McManusJ. H. (1995). A market-based model of news production. Communication Theory, 5(4), 301–338.
55.
McMurrayJ. (2017, March19). Capitalism’s “founding father” often quoted, frequently misconstrued. Investor’s Business Daily. https://tinyurl.com/y6ufxwfu
56.
MentionA. L.BontisN. (2013). Intellectual capital and performance within the banking sector of Luxembourg and Belgium. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 14(2), 286–309.
57.
MeyerP. (2004). The vanishing newspaper: Saving journalism in the information age (2nd ed.). University of Missouri Press.
58.
MeyersO.DavidsonR. (2016). Conceptualizing journalistic careers: Between interpretive community and tribes of professionalism. Sociology Compass, 10(6), 419–431.
59.
MortonJ. (1995, November). When newspapers eat their seed corn. American Journalism Review. https://bit.ly/2HWxWga
60.
MubarikM. S.ChandranV. G. R.DevadasonE. S. (2018). Measuring human capital in small and medium manufacturing enterprises: What matters?Social Indicators Research, 137, 605–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1601-9
61.
NathanG. (2001). Telesurvey methodologies for household surveys—A review and some thoughts for the future. Survey Methodology, 27(1), 7–31.
62.
NeivaE. M. (1996). Chain building: The consolidation of the American newspaper industry, 1953-1980. Business History Review, 70(1), 1–42.
63.
NeroneJ.BarnhurstK. G. (2003). US newspaper types, the newsroom, and the division of labor, 1750-2000. Journalism Studies, 4(4), 432–449.
64.
ÖrenbringH. (2010). Technology and journalism-as-labour: Historical perspectives. Journalism, 11(1), 57–74.
65.
OrrL. (2020, April3). Hedge fund Alden Global forces layoffs of “essential workers” mid-pandemic. Institutional Investor. https://tinyurl.com/y7xyq8qs.
66.
PeterafM. A.BarneyJ. B. (2003). Unraveling the resource-based tangle. Managerial and Decision Economics, 24, 309–323.
67.
PicardR. G. (2006). Journalism, value creation and the future of news organizations (Research Paper R-27). Shorenstein Center, Harvard Kennedy School. https://tinyurl.com/wrc47q2
68.
PikettyT. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century (GoldhammerA., Trans.). Harvard University Press.
69.
PloyhartR. E.MoliternoT. P. (2011). Emergence of the human capital resource: A multilevel model. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 127–150.
70.
PloyhartR. E.NybergA. J.ReillyG.MaltarichM. A. (2014). Human capital is dead; long live human capital resources!. Journal of Management, 40(2), 371–398.
Radio Television Digital News Association. (2015). RTDNA code of ethics (Rev. ed.). Radio, Television, Digital News Association. https://tinyurl.com/y2j85c47
73.
ReinardyS. (2010). Downsizing effects on personnel: The case of layoff survivors in U.S newspapers. Journal of Media Business Studies, 7(4), 1–19.
74.
ReinardyS. (2012). Job security, satisfaction influence work commitment. Newspaper Research Journal, 33(1), 54–70.
75.
RobertsG. (1997). Conglomerates and newspapers. In GitlinT. (Ed.), Conglomerates and the media (pp. 61–72). The New Press.
76.
RogersP. (1980). Hacks and dunces: Pope, Swift, and Grub Street. Methuen.
77.
RosenJ. (1999). What are journalists for?Yale University Press.
78.
RousseauJ.-J. (1968). Social contract and discourses. Penguin Books. (Original work published 1762).
79.
RumeltR. P. (1984). Towards a strategic theory of the firm. In LambR. B. (Ed.), Competitive strategic management (pp. 556–570). Prentice-Hall.
80.
SalcettiM. (1995). The emergence of the reporter: Mechanization and the devaluation of editorial workers. In HardtH.BrennenB. (Eds.), Newsworkers: Toward a history of the rank and file (pp. 48–74). University of Minnesota Press.
81.
SmithA. (1993). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Oxford University Press. (Original work published in 1776)
82.
SmytheT. C. (1980). The reporter, 1880-1900: Working conditions and their influence on the news. Journalism History, 7(1), 1–10.
SolomonW. S. (1995). The site of newsroom labor: The division of editorial practices. In HardtH.BrennenB. (Eds.), Newsworkers: Toward a history of the rank and file (pp. 110–134). University of Minnesota Press.
85.
SplichalS. (2015). Journalism and journalists. In WrightJ. D. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed., pp. 857–861). Elsevier.
86.
TaberK. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273–1296.
87.
TernesB.PeterlinL. J.ReinardyS. (2018). Newsroom workers’ job satisfaction contingent on position and adaption to digital disruption. Journalism Practice, 12(4), 497–508.
88.
TharenouP.SaksA. M.MooreC. (2007). A review and critique of research on training and organizational-level outcomes. Human Resource Management Review, 17(3), 251–273.
89.
UnderwoodD. (1993). When MBAs rule the newsroom. Columbia University Press.
90.
VidottoJ. D. F.FerenhofH. A.SeligP. M.BastosR. C. (2017). A human capital measurement scale. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 18(2), 316–329.
91.
WartzmanR. (2017). The end of loyalty: The rise and fall of good jobs in America. Public Affairs.
92.
WeaverD. H.WilhoitG. C. (1996). The American journalist in the 1990s: U.S. news people at the end of an era. Lawrence Erlbaum.
93.
WeaverD. H.WillnatL.WilhoitG. C. (2019). The American journalist in the digital age: Another look at U.S. news people. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(1), 101–130.
