Planning theories are theories of action. Consequently, theorists are compelled not just to specify the activities that comprise practice, but also to write the planner who will carry out these actions. That is, they must address the identity of their planners. This paper explores Leonie Sandercock's postmodernism and John Forester's communicative action in search of how identity is written and integrated into their respective arguments. The search leads to a reconsideration of three dilemmas in planning theory: the tension between redistribution and recognition, the relative importance of consciousness and consequence, and the interaction of interpersonal relations and institutional structures.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Baum, Howell . 1996. Why the rational paradigm persists. Journal of Planning Education and Research15(2): 127-135.
2.
Beauregard, Robert A.1980. Thinking about practicing planning. In Urban and Regional Planningin an Age of Austerity, eds. P. Clavel, J. Forester and W.W. Goldsmith, 308-325. New York: Pergamon Press.
3.
Beauregard, Robert A.1989. Between modernity and postmodernity. The ambiguous position of U.S. planning. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space7(4): 381-395.
4.
Beauregard, Robert A.1991. Without a net: Modernist planning and the postmodern abyss. Journal oftlanning Education and Research10(3): 189-194.
5.
Beauregard, Robert A.1996. Advocating preeminence: Anthologies as politics. In Explorations in Planning Theory, eds. S. Mandelbaun, L. Mazza, and RW. Burchell, 105-110. New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Urban Policy Research.
6.
Bondi, Liz . 1993. Locating identity politics. In Place and the Politics of Identity, eds. M. Keith and S. Pile, 84-101. London: Routledge.
7.
Calhoun, Craig . 1995. Critical Social Theory. Oxford, U.K: Blackwell.
8.
Castells, Manuel . 1997. The Power of Identiiy. Oxford, U.K: Blackwell.
9.
Davidoff, Paul . 1965. Advocacy and pluralism in planning. Journal of the Amenican Institute of Planners31: 596-615.
10.
Etzioni, Amitai . 1973. Mixed scanning. A "third" approach to decision-making. In A Reader in Planning Theory, ed. A. Faludi, 217-229. Oxford, U.K: Pergamon.
11.
Forester, John . 1980. Critical theory and planning practice. In Urban and Regional Planning in an Age of Austerity, eds. P. Clavel, J. Forester, and W.W. Goldsmith, 326-342. New York: Pergamon Press.
12.
Forester, John . 1982a. Understanding planning practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research1(2): 59-71.
13.
Forester, John , 1982b. Planning in the face of power. Journal of then American Planning Association48(1): 67-80.
14.
Forester, John . 1983. The geography of planning practice. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space1(2): 163-180.
15.
Forester, John . 1987. Planning in the face of conflict: Negotiation and mediation strategies in local land use regulations. Journal of the American Planning Association53(3): 303-314.
16.
Forester, John . 1989. Planning in the Face of Power. Berkeley, Calif: SAGE Publications.
17.
Forester, John . 1992a. Critical ethnography On fieldwork in a Habermasian way. In Critical Management Studies, eds. M. Alvesson and H. WQlmott, 46-65. London, U.K: SAGE Publications.
18.
Forester, John . 1992b. Raising the questions. Planning Theory7/8: 50-54.
19.
Forester, John . 1993. Critical Theory, Policy, and Planning Practice. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press.
20.
Forester, John . 1994. Political deliberations, critical pragmatism, and traumatic histories: On not leaving your pain at the door. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Phoenix, Ariz., Nov. 5-8.
21.
Forester, John . 1995. Response: Toward a critical sociology of policy analysis. Policy Sciences28: 385-396.
22.
Forester, John , 1996. Learning from practice stories. In Readings in Planning Theory eds. S. Campbell and S.S. Fainstein, 507-528. Oxford, U.K: Blackwell.
23.
Fraser, Nancy . 1990. Rethinking the public sphere. Social Text8(3)19(1): 56-80.
24.
Fraser, Nancy . 1995. From redistribution to recognition? Dilemmas ofjustice in a "post-socialist" age. New Left Review212: 68-93.
25.
Garber, Judith A1995. Defining feminist community. In Gender in Urban Research, eds. JA Garber and RS. Turner, 24-43. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.
26.
Goodchild, Barry . 1990. Planning and the modern/postmodern debate. Town Planning Reniew61(2): 119-137.
27.
Greenwood, John D.1994. Realim, Identity and Emotion. London, U.K: SAGE Publications.
28.
Habermas, JUrgen . 1983. The Theory of Communicative Competence. Boston, Mass.: Beacon.
29.
Habermas, Jurgen . 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
30.
Harvey, David . 1993. Class relations: Social justice and the politics of difference. In Place and the Politics of Identity eds., M. Keith and S. Pile, 41-66. London, U.K: Routledge.
31.
Hayden, Dolores . 1984. Redesigning the American Dream. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
32.
Hayes, Nicky . 1993. Principles of Social Prychology. Hove, U.K: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Writing the Planner
33.
Healey, Patsy . 1992. Planning through debate: The communicative turn in planning theory. Town Planning Review63(2): 143-162.
34.
Hobsbawm, Eric . 1996. Identity politics and the left. New Lef Review217: 38-47.
35.
Hoch, Charles . 1993. Racism and planning. Journal of the American Planning Association59(4): 451-460.
36.
hooks, bell . 1990. Choosing the margin as a space of radical openness. In Yearning Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics by b. hooks, 145-153. Boston, Mass.: South End Press.
37.
Hooper, Barbara . 1992. "Split at the roots": A critique of the philosophical and political sources of modem planning doctrine. Frontiers13(1): 45-80.
38.
Innes, Judith E.1995. Planning theory's emerging paradigm. Journal of Planning Education and Research14(3): 183-189.
39.
Jacobs, Jane M.1996. Edge of Empire. London, U.K: Routledge.
40.
Krumholz, Norman , and John Forester. 1990. Making Equity Planning Work. Philadelphia, Pa: Temple University Press.
41.
Leavitt, Jackie . 1980. Women in planning. There's more to affirmative action than gaining access. In New Spacesjbr Women, eds. G. Wekerle and D. Morley, 219-234. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
42.
Love, Nancy S.1991. Politics and voice(s): An empowerment/knowledge regime. Differences3(1): 85-103.
43.
Mier, Robert . 1994. Some observations on race in planning. Journal of the American Planning Association60(2): 235-240.
44.
Milroy, Beth Moore . 1991. Into postmodern weightlessness. Journal of Planning Education and Research10(3): 181-187.
45.
Omi, Michael , and Howard Winant. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States. New York: Routledge.
46.
Piore, Michael J.1995. Beyond IndividualismCambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
47.
Purkhardt, S. Caroline . 1993. Transforming Social Representations. London, U.K: Roudedge.
48.
Rosenau, Pauline Marie . 1992. Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
49.
Sandercock, Leonie . 1979. The Land Racket: The Real Costs of Property Speculation. Canberra, Australia: Silverfish Publications.
50.
Sandercock, Leonie , and Michael Berry. 1983. Urban Political Economy: The Australian Case. Sydney, Australia: G. Allen & Unwin.
51.
Sandercock, Leonie . 1990. Property, Politics, and Urban Planning. 2nd edition. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
52.
Sandercock, Leonie . 1995. Voices from the borderlands. Journal of Planning Education and Research14(2): 77-88.
53.
Sandercock, Leonie . 1998a. Towards Cosmopolit Planning For Multicultural Cities. Chichester, U.K: John Wiley & Sons.
54.
Sandercock, Leonie . 1998b. Introduction: Framing insurgent historiographies for planning. In Makingthe Invisible Visible, ed. L. Sandercock, 1-33. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
55.
Sandercock, Leonie , and Ann Forsyth. 1992a. A gender agenda. New directions for planning theory. Journal of the American Planning Association58(1): 49-59.
56.
Sandercock, Leonie , and Ann Forsyth. 1992b. Feminist theory and planning theory. Planning Theory718: 45-49.
57.
Sennett, Richard . 1992. The Fall of Public Man. New York. W.W. Norton & Company.
58.
Smith, Michael Peter , and Joe R Feagin, eds. 1995. The Bubbling Cauldron. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press.
59.
Staeheli, Lynn , and Susan E. Clarke. 1995. Gender, place, and citizenship. In Gender in Urban Research, eds. JA Garber and RS. Turner, 3-23. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.
60.
Stafford, Walter W. , and Joyce Ladner. 1969. Comprehensive planning and racism. Journal of the American Institute of Planning35(2): 68-79.
61.
Thomas, June Manning . 1994. Planning history and the black urban experience. Journal of Planning Education and Research14(1): 1-11.
62.
Verma, Niraj . 1996. Pragmatic rationality and planning theory. Journal of Planning Education and Research16(1): 5-14.
63.
Walzer, Michael . 1992. What It Means To BeAn American. New York: Marsilio.
64.
Walzer, Michael . 1991. The idea of civil society. Dissent38(2): 293-304.
65.
Weinstein, Fred . 1990. History and Theory After the FallChicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
66.
Young, Iris Marion . 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
67.
Young, Iris Marion . 1997. Unruly categories: A critique of Naney Fraser's dual systems theory. New Left Review222: 147-160.
