Planning researchers tend to use single quantitative and/or qualitative research methods in their investigations. Unfortunately, single method research strategies run the risk of missing significant data sets that can cripple a planning investigation. We argue that combining methods into a mixed-method research design provides planning investigators a more comprehensive understanding than would be possible under a single method. The goal of the paper is to cultivate interest in combining quantitative and qualitative investigations into mixed-method planning research strategies and to highlight how and why investigators use mixed-method research strategies.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Blumer, Herbert . 1977. Methodological principles of empirical science. In Sociological Methods by Norman Denzin, 20-39. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2.
Brewer, John and Albert Hunter. 1989. Multimethod Research: A Synthesis of Styles. Newbury Park, N.J.: Sage.
3.
Bryman, Alan . 1992. Quantity and Quality in Social Research. London UK: Routledge.
4.
Burawoy, Michael . 1991. The extended case method. In Ethnography Unbound, eds., Michael Burawoy et al, 271-287. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
5.
City of New York Department of Consumer Affairs . 1936. Chapter 14, Article 22, Section 230. The Code of Ordinances. New York, N.Y.
6.
Cook, Thomas . 1985. Postpositivist critical multiplism. In Social Science and Social Policy, eds., Lance Shortland and Melvin Mark, 21-62. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
7.
Creswell, John . 1994. Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
8.
Cronbach, Joseph . 1982. Designing Evaluations of Educational and Social Programs. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass, 1985.
9.
Dandekar, Hemaleta . 1988. The Planner's Use of Information. Washington, D.C.: American Planning Association.
10.
Dandekar, Hemaleta . 1986. Some uses and potentials of qualitative methods in planning. The Journal of Planning Education and Research6(1): 42-49.
11.
Datta, Lois-Ellen . 1994. Paradigm wars: A basis for peaceful coexistence and beyond. In The Qualitative-Quantitative Debate: New Perspectives, eds. Charles Reichardt and Sharon Rallis, 53-70. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
12.
de Neufville, Judith Innes . 1987. Knowledge and action: Making the link. Journal of Planning Education and Research6(2): 86-92.
13.
Dean, John , Robert Eichhorn, and Lois Dean. 1969. Limitations and advantages of unstructured methods. In Issues in Participant Observation, eds. George McCall and J. Simmons. New York: Random House.
14.
Denzin, Norman . 1989. The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. 3rd edition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
15.
Gaber, John . 1994. Manhattan's 14th Street vendors' market: Informal street peddlers' complementary relationship with New York City's economy."Urban Anthropology23(4): 373-408.
16.
Gaber, John . 1993. Reasserting the importance of qualitative methods in planning. Landscape and Urban Planning26: 137-148.
17.
Geertz, Clifford . 1988. Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. In Contemporary Field Research, ed. Robert Emerson, 37-59. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland.
18.
Greene, Jennifer , and Charles McClintock. 1985. Triangulation in evaluation: Design and analysis issues. Evaluation Review9(5): 523-545.
19.
Greene, Jennifer , Valerie Caracelli, and Wendy Graham. 1989. Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation design. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis11(3): 255-274.
20.
Guba, Egon , and Yvonna Lincoln. 1988. Do inquiry paradigms imply inquiry methodologies? In Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation in Education: The Silent Revolution, ed. David Fetterman, 89-115. New York: Praeger.
21.
Hammersley, Martin . 1992. Whats Wrong with Ethnography. London, UK: Routledge.
22.
Hicks, Jonathan . 1994a. Police move street vendors in Harlem. The New York Times October 18: B1-B1.
23.
Hicks, Jonathan . 1994b. Muslims urge store boycott. The New York Times October 19: B1-B1.
24.
Hicks, Jonathan . 1994c. Vendors' ouster and boycott divide Harlem. The New York Times October 23: 11-11.
25.
House, Ernest . 1994. Integrating the quantitative and qualitative. In The Qualitative-Quantitative Debate: New Perspectives, eds. Charles Reichardt and Sharon Rallis, 13-22. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
26.
Jick, Todd . 1983. Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. In Qualitative Methodology, ed. John Van Maanen, 602-611. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
27.
Kaufman, Sanda , and Robert Simons1995. Quantitative and research methods in planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research15(1): 17-33.
28.
Kidder, Louise , and Michelle Fine. 1987. Qualitative and quantitative methods: When stories converge. In Multiple Methods in Program Evaluation, eds. Melvin Mark and Lance Shotland. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
29.
Laurie, Heather , and Oriel Sullivan. 1991. Combining qualitative and quantitative data in the longitudinal study of household allocations. The Sociological Review39(1): 113-130.
30.
Lim, Gill . 1991. Proposal for multi-multi approach. Journal of Planning Education and Research10(2): 83-84.
31.
Mark, Melvin , and Lance Shotland. 1987. Alternative methods for the use of multiple methods. In Multiple Methods in Program Evaluation, eds. Melvin Mark and Lance Shotland. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
Orum, Anthony , Joe Feagin, and Geidon Sjoberg. 1991. Introduction: The nature of case study. In A Case for the Case Study, by Joe Feagin, Anthony Orum, and Gideon Sjoberg, 1-26. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
35.
Patton, Michael . 1988a. Paradigms and pragmatism. In Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation in Education: The Silent Revolution, ed. David Fetterman, 116-137. New York: Praeger.
36.
Patton, Michael . 1988b. Qualitative Evaluation Methods. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
37.
Pauls, Robert . 1987. Fourteenth Street Union Square: Retail Market Analysis. New York: 14th Street Union Square District Manager.
38.
Peattie, Lisa . 1990. Anthropology and planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research9(2): 101-106.
39.
Peattie, Lisa . 1967. The social anthropologists in planning. Journal of American Institute of Planning33(4): 266-268.
40.
Popper, Karl . 1968. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Harper Tourchbooks.
41.
Ragin, Charles . 1994. Constructing Social Research. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Pine Forge Press.
42.
Reichardt, Charles , and Harry Gollob. 1987. Taking uncertainty into account when estimating effects. In Multiple Methods in Program Evaluation, eds. Melvin Mark and Lance Shotland, 7-32. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
43.
Rossman, Gretchen , and Bruce Wilson. 1985. Numbers and words: Combining quantitative and qualitative methods in a single large-scale evaluation study. Evaluation Review9(5): 627-643.
44.
Sanjek, Roger . 1990. On ethnographic validity. In Fieldnotes, ed. Roger Sanjek, 385-418. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
45.
Salo, Mark , and P. Campanell. 1991. Ethnographic methods in the development of census procedures for enumerating homelessness. Urban Anthropology20(2): 127-140.
46.
Sayer, Andrew . 1992. Method in Social Science. 2nd edition. London, UK: Routledge.
47.
Schatzam, Leonard , and Anselm Strauss. 1973. Field Research: Strategies for a Natural Sociology, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
48.
Shotland, Lance , and Melvin Mark, 1987. Improving inference from multiple methods. In Multiple Methods in Program Evaluation, eds. Melvin Mark and Lance Shotland. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
49.
Sieber, Sam . 1973. The integration of fieldwork and survey methods. The American Journal of Sociology78(6): 1335-1359.
50.
Tinker, Irene . 1987. The case for legalizing street foods. Ceres1 19(20/5): 26-31.
51.
Trend, M.G.1978. On the reconciliation of qualitative and quantitative analysis: A case study. Human Organization37(4): 345-354.
52.
Yates, Douglas . 1984. The Ungovernable City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
53.
Yin, Robert . 1994. Case Study Research. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
54.
Zukin, Sharon . 1989. Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Change. 2nd edition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
