This article describes a course, Environmental Justice Movement, initiated at the College of Urban and Public Affairs at the University of New Orleans in the spring of 1995. A companion to a course in environmental planning, the course was designed to prepare planning students to engage in the environmental policy debate by exposing them to its historical, moral, and technical dimensions. By examining strategies and tactics of planning practice, they learn to apply their analytic and research skills to appropriate advocacy, mediation, and community planning roles. The course seeks to connect the environmental justice movement with social movement theory, concepts of procedural justice, and advocacy and equity planning. It integrates propositions and concepts about the politics of planning, land use policies, and practices with political philosophy, populist beliefs and what Perry (1994) calls "the street-level Rawlsian approach."
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anderton, Douglas , A.B. Anderson, P.H. Rossi, J.M. Oakes, M.R. Fraser, E.W. Weber, and E.J. Calabrese. 1995. Studies used to prove charges of environmental racism are flawed. In Environmental Justice, ed. David Bender. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press.
2.
Angotti, Tom . 1995. Why environmental racism is an issue for planners. Planners Network Newsletter January15: 3-3.
3.
Baily, Martin Neil , Gary Butlass, and Robert E. Litan. 1993. Growth with Equity: Economic Policy Makingfor the Next Century. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution.
4.
Bandow, Doug . 1993. Environmentalism: The triumph of politics. The Freeman34 (9): 332-339.
5.
Been, Vicki . 1995. Market force, not racist practices may affect the siting of locally undesirable land use. In Environmental Justice, ed. David Bender. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press.
6.
Blumer, Hebert . 1939. Collective behavior. In An Outline of the Principles of Sociology, ed. Robert E. Park. 221-280. New York: Barnes and Noble.
7.
Boerner, Christopher , and Thomas Lambert. 1995. Environmental justice can be achieved through negotiated compensation. In Environmental Justice, ed. David Bender. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press.
8.
Boggs, Carl . 1986. Social Movements and Political Power: Emerging Forms of Radicalism in the West. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
9.
Bowie, Lee G. , Meredith W. Michaels, and Robert C. Solomon. 1992. Twenty Questions: An Introduction to Philosophy. New York: Harcourt Brace-Jovanovich.
10.
Boyte, Harry C. , and Frank Reismann. 1986. The New Populism: The Politics of Empowerment. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
11.
Bryant, B. , and P. Mohal. 1992. Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards: A Time for Discourse. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
12.
Bullard, Robert D.1992. Use of demographic data to evaluate minority environmental health issues: The role of case studies. In National Minority Health Conference Proceedings, eds. Barry Johnson, Robert C. Williams, and Cynthia Harris. Princeton, NJ: Scientific Publishing Co.
13.
Bullard, Robert D. , ed. 1993. Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grass Roots. Boston, MA: South End Press.
14.
Burby, Raymond , 1995. Through Their Eyes: Survey Results of Lower Income Residents In The Louisiana Industrial Corridor. New Orleans: Louisiana Environmental Education and Resource Program, University of New Orleans.
15.
Cable, Sherry , and Charles Cable. 1995. Environmental Problems. New York: St. Martin Press.
16.
Calderon, R.L. , C.C. Johnson, G.F. Craun, A.P. Dufour, RJ. Karlin, T. Sinks, and J. Valentine. 1993. Health risks from contaminated water: Do class and race matter?Toxicology and Industrial Health9 (5): 879-900.
17.
Cole, Luke W.1994. Environmental justice litigation: Another stone in David's sling. Fordham Urban Law Journal21 (3): 523-543.
18.
Crowfoot, James , Mark A. Chesler, and Jacques Boulet. 1983. Organizing for social justice. In Handbook of Social Intervention, ed. Edward Siedman. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
19.
Davidoff, Paul . 1965. Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association31 (3): 331-338.
20.
Feldman, Marshall M.A.1994. Perloff revisited: Reassessing planning education in post modern times. Journal of Planning Education and Research13(2): 89-103.
21.
Forester, John . 1980. What are planners up against? Planning in the face of power. The Bulletin of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning18 (2): 1-7.
22.
Friedmann, John , and Carol Kuester. 1994. Planning education for the late 20th century: An initial inquiry. Journal of Planning Education and Research14: 55-64.
23.
Friedmann, John . 1973. Retracking America: A Theory of Transactive Planning. New York: Anchor Books.
24.
Gelobter, M. 1986. The distribution of outdoor air pollution by income and race. Master's thesis. University of California at Berkeley
25.
Goldman, B.A.1991. The Truth About Where You Live: An Atlas for Action on Toxins and Mortality. New York: Times Books.
26.
Gould, J.1986. Quality of Life in American Neighborhoods: Levels of Affluence, Toxic Waste, and Cancer Mortality in Residential Zip Code Areas. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
27.
Hall, P.1989. Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
28.
Heskin, Allen David . 1980. Crises and response: A historical perspective on advocacy. American Planning Association Journal47: 50-61.
29.
Hird, John A.1993. Environmental policy and equity: The case of Superfund. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management12 (2): 323-343
30.
Hofrichter, Richard . 1993. Toxic Struggles. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers.
31.
Hopkins, Lewis . 1993. Foreword. In The Language of Planning, Albert Z. Guttenberg. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
32.
Kling, Joseph M. , and Prudence S. Posner. 1990. Dilemmas of Activism: Class, Community, and the Politics of Local Mobilization. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
33.
Kluegel, James R. , David S. Mason, and Bernd Wegner, eds. 1995. Social Justice and Political Change. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
34.
Krumholz, Norman , and John Forester. 1990. Making Equity Planning Work: Leadership in the Public Sector. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
35.
Landy, Marc K. , Marc J. Roberts, and Stephan R. Thomas. 1994. The Environmental Protection Agency. New York: Oxford University Press.
36.
Lasswell, H.D. , and A. Kaplan. 1950. Power and Society. New Haven, CT: York University Press.
37.
Lindell, M. , and Earle, T.C.1983. How close is close enough: Public perceptions of the risks of industrial facilities. Risk Analysis3 (4): 245-253.
38.
Lindsey, Greg . 1994. Planning and contingent valuation: Some observations from a survey of homeowners and environmentalists. Journal of Planning Education and Research14(1): 19-28.
39.
Lober, Douglas J.1993. Beyond self-interest: A model of public attitudes toward waste facility siting. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management36: 345-363.
40.
Maxey, Margaret N.1992. Managing environmental risks. Society March/April: 41-49.
41.
McConnell, Shean . 1995. Rawlsian planning theory. In Planning Ethics, ed. Sue Hendler. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University.
42.
Mier, Robert , Robert P. Giloth, Kari J. Moe, et al. 1993. Social Justice and Local Development Policy. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
43.
Mier, Robert . 1994. Some observations on race in planning. Journal of the American Planning Association60 (2): 235-243.
44.
Mills, C. Wright , 1959. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
45.
Mitroff, Ian . 1983. Beyond experimentation: New methods for a new age. In Handbook of Social Intervention, ed. Edward Siedman. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
46.
Mollenkoph, J.1983. The Contested City. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
47.
Moses, M. , E.S. Johnson, W.E. Anger, V.W. Burse, S.W. Horstman, R.J. Jackson, R.G. Lewis, K.T. Maddy, R. McConnell, W.J. Meggs, and S.H. Zahm. 1993. Environmental equity and pesticide exposure. Toxicology and Industrial Health9 (5): 913-959
48.
Moses, Marion . 1993. Farmworkers and pesticides. In Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots, ed. Robert Bullard. 161-178. Boston, MA: South End Press.
49.
Perry, David C.1994. Book review of Social Justice and Local Developmental Policy, R. Mier et al. Journal of Planning Education and Research14 (1): 67-71.
50.
Peterson, Paul , ed. 1985. The New Urban Reality. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution.
51.
Portney, Kent E.1991. Siting Hazardous Waste Treatment Facilities: The NIMBYSyndrome. New York: Auburn House.
52.
Pulido, L.1994. Restructuring and the contracting and expansion of environmental rights in the United States. Environment and Planning26: 915-936.
53.
Rawls, John . 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
54.
Raynor, Steve , and Robin Cantor. 1987. How fair is safe enough? The cultural approach to societal technology choice. Risk Analysis7(1): 3-13
55.
Sayer, Andrew . 1993. Methods in Social Science. 2nd ed.New York: Routledge.
56.
Sexton, K. , K. Olden, and B. Johnson. 1993. Environmental justice: The central role of research in establishing a credible scientific foundation for informed decision making. Toxicology and Industrial Health9 (5): 685-727.
57.
Stavins, Robert N.1989. Using economic incentives to protect the environment. Policy ReviewSpring: 58-63.
58.
Tarrow, Sidney . 1995. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
59.
Thomas, June Manning . 1994. Planning history and the black urban experience: Linkages and contemporary implications. Journal of Planning Education and Research14 (1): 1-11.
60.
Throgmorton, James A.1993. Planning as a rhetorical activity. Journal of the American Planning Association59 (3): 334-346.
61.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 1992. Environmental Equity: Reducing Risk for All Communities. EPA 230-R-92-008. Washington, DC.
62.
Wernette, D.R. , and L.A. Nieves. 1992. Breathing polluted air: Minorities are disproportionately exposed. EPA Journal18 (1): 16-17.
63.
Young, Iris Marian . 1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
