This paper describes the game design and demonstrates the use of simulating public participation in the preparation of a harbor management plan. The simulation game was played by 106 college students in the Department of Marine Affairs at the University of Rhode Island. An evaluation was performed which showed that the experience benefited the participants both in terms of better communication and understanding the complex dynamics of management decision- making.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Arnstein, S.1969. A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners35:216-244.
2.
Bacon, L., and M. Wheeler.1984. Environmental Dispute ResolutionNew York: Plenum Press.
3.
Baldin, N.J.1983. Negotiated rulemaking: A case study of administrative reform. Master's Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts.
4.
Coastal Resources Management Council.1988 . Guidelines for the Development of Municipal Harbor Management Plans. Rhode Island.
5.
Department of Environmental Protection.1985 . Model Municipal Harbor Management Plan. Hartford, Connecticut.
6.
Fischer, C.C.1991. On the design and use of forecasting experiments in teaching macroeconomics. Simulation and Gaming22:75-82.
7.
Gentry, J.W., T.F. Tice, and C.W. Robertson.1984. Simulation gaming as a means of researching substance issues: Another look. Proceedings of the Association for Business Simulation and Experimental Learning11:1-4.
8.
Goffman, E.1969. Strategic Interaction. Philadelphia , University of Pennsylvania Press.
9.
Greenblat, C.F., and R.C. Duke.1981. The Principles and Practices of Gaming Simulation. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
10.
Horn, R., and D. Zuckerman.1976. The Guide to Simulation Games for Education and Trainers. Boston, Massachusetts: Information Resources, Inc.
11.
Ingrum, B.1988. A Gutde to Public Involvement. Boston : Harbor Planning Program, Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management.
12.
Jones, K.1987. Simulation: A Handbook for Teachers and Trainers . 2nd edition. New York: Nichols Publication.
13.
Kibel, J.L.1972. Simulation of the Urban Environment. Geographic Technical Paper Series No. 5. Washington, D.C.Association of American Geographers.
14.
Kirts, C., M. Tumeo, and J. Sinz.1991. The commons game: Its instructional value when used in a natural resources management context. Simulation and Games19:5-18.
15.
Lax, D., and J. Sebenius.1986. The Manager as Negotiator. New York: The Free Press.
16.
Lax, D., and J. Sebenius.1991. Negotiating through an agent. Journal of Conflict Resolution35:474-493.
17.
Lewicki, R., and J. Litterer.1985. Negotiations. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
18.
Lewicki, R., D.D. Bowen, and D.T. Hall.1988. Experiences in Management and Organizational Behavior—Student's Manual and Instructor's Manual. 3rd edition. New York: John Wiley .
19.
Luce, D., and H. Raiffa.1957. Games and Decisions. New York: John Wiley.
20.
McInish, R.1981. Gaming simulation as economic research. Journal of Experiential Learning and Simulation.2:183-191.
21.
McKenney, J.L., and W.R. Dill.1966. Influence on learning in simulation games. American Bebavioral Scientist10:28-32.
22.
Notz, W., F.A. Starke, and J. Atwell.1983. The manager as arbitrator: Conflicts over scarce resources. In Negotiating in Organization, eds. M. Bazerman, and R. Lewicki.Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
23.
Pareek, U.1978. Simulating reality: Role playing. In Training for Development, eds. R. Lynton, and U. Pareek.West Hartford, Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
24.
Sebenius, J.1984. Negotiating the Law of the Sea. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press .
25.
Sharda, R., P.S. Chiang, and K. Willette.1988. A water quality management simulation game. Simulation and Games19:27-41.
26.
Susskind, L., and S. McCreary.1985. Techniques for resolving coastal resource management disputes through negotiation. Journal of the American Planning Association51:365-374.
27.
Susskind, L., and C. Ozawa.1985. Mediating public disputes: Obstacles and possibilities. Journal of Social Issues41:145-159.
28.
Taylor, J., and R. Walford.1972. Simulation in the Classroom. New York: Penguin Books.
29.
Thatcher, D.C.1990. Promoting learning through games and simulation . Simulation and Games21:262-273.
30.
Whiteley, T.R., A.J. Faria.1989. Relationship between student final exam performance and game participation. Simulation and Games20:44-64.
