Tehran, the capital and largest city of Iran, has witnessed two parallel trends: a rapid and multi-faceted socio-spatial growth, and increasing separation among social classes. The former is manifested by population increase, physical expansion, concentration of institutions, and administrative centralization. The latter is indicated by rapid accumulation of wealth and capital by a tiny layer, poverty of most of the population, and spatial segregation of social classes. These phenomena reflect the transformation from a pre-capitalist city in the 18th through the early 20th century to a transitional capitalist city in the 1920–1950 period, and to a dependent capitalist city after the 1950s.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdibiH.1979. Tabaqah-e Moutavaset-e Jadid Dar IranTehran: Jame'ah Entesharat.
2.
AkhaviS.1986. State Formation and Consolidation in Twentieth-Century Iran: The Reza Shah Period and the Islamic Republic. In The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics, eds. BanaziziAWeinerM.. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
3.
AlizadehM.KazerouniK.1984. Mehajerat Va Shahrneshini Dar Iran. Tehran: Ministry of Plan and Budget, Office of Population and Manpower.
4.
AmirahmadiH.1986. Regional Planning in Iran: A Survey of Problems and Policies. Journal of Developing Areas. 20.
5.
AmirahmadiH.1982. Transition from Feudalism to Capitalist Manufacturing and the Origins of Dependency Relations in Iran: 1796–1921. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of City and Regional Planning, Cornell University.
6.
AmirahmadiH.1980. Planning and Capitalist Development in Iran: The Role of the State and Imperialism (1930s-1976). Working paper. Department of City and Regional Planning, Cornell University.
7.
AmirahmadiH.AtashF.Forthcoming. Dynamics of Provincial Development and Disparity in Iran, 1956–1984. Third World Planning Review.
8.
AmuzegarJ.1977. Iran: An Economic ProfileWashington, D.C.: The Middle East Institute.
9.
AshrafA.1971. Iran: Imperialism, Class and Modernization from Above. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, New School for Social Research.
10.
BahrambeyguiH.1977. Tehran: An Urban Analysis. Tehran: Sahab Books Institute.
11.
BananiA.1961. The Modernization of Iran, 1921–1941Stanford: Stanford University Press.
12.
BashiriyehH.1984. The State and Revolution in Iran, 1962–1982London: Croom Helm.
13.
BharierJ.1971. Economic Development in Iran: 1900–1970London: Oxford University Press.
14.
BonineM.E.1983. Cities of the Middle East and North Africa. In Cities of the World, eds. BrunnS. D.WilliamsJ.F.. New York: Harper and Row.
15.
ConnellJ.1973. Tehran: Urbanization and Development. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper No. 32.
16.
El-ShakhsS.AmirahmadiH.Forthcoming. The Integrative Role of the Urban System in the Spatial Transformation of the Middle East and North America. Regional Development Dialogue.
17.
GrahamR.1978. Iran: The Illusion of PowerNew York: St. Martin's Press.
18.
HallidayF.1979. Iran: Dictatorship and DevelopmentNew York: Penguin Books.
19.
HessamianF.EtemadG.HaeriM.R.1984. Shahrneshini Dar IranTehran: Agah Publications.
20.
HooglundE.J.1982. Land Reform and Revolution in Iran, 1960–1980Austin: University of Texas Press.
21.
JabbariA.1981. Economic Factors in Iran's Revolution: Poverty, Inequality, and Inflation. In Iran: Essays on a Revolution in the Making, eds. JabbariA.OlsonR.. Lexington, KY: Mazda Publishers.
22.
JanesG.1979. In Tehran, Very Rich and Very Poor Await the Future. New York Times. March 4.
23.
Javaher-KalamA.1946. Tarikh-e Tehran. Part 1. Tehran, 1325.
24.
KarimanH.1976. Tehran Dar Gouzashteh Va HalTehran: National University Publications #78, 1355.
25.
KatouzianH.1982. The Political Economy of Modern IranNew York: New York University Press.
26.
KazemiF.1982. The Consequences of Rapid Urbanization: The Case of Tehran, Iran. In Traditionalism in the Modernization Process, eds. LutzJ. G.El-ShakhsS.. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
27.
KiafarA.Forthcoming. Traditional Middle Eastern Urban Structure. In Urban Development in Muslim World, eds. El-ShakhsS.AmirahmadiH.BonineM..
28.
KiafarA.1986. The Bazaar and Revolutionary Change in Iran: A Spatial and Social Inquiry. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Southern California.
29.
LambtonA.K.S.1969. The Persian Land Reform, 1962–1966Oxford: Clarendon Press.
30.
Llewelyn-Davies International. 1976. kShahestan Pahlavi: A New City Center for Tehran, Book 1: The Master PlanLondon: Llewelyn-Davies International Planning Consultants.
31.
LockhartL.1939. Famous Cities of IranBrentford: Middlesex.
32.
LooneyR.E.1982. Economic Origins of the Iranian RevolutionNew York: Pergamon Press.
