There is increasing evidence that plan ning theory has been inadequate in recent years. Not only does it fail to guide prac tice, it contributes to cognitive dissonance and alienation among practitioners. Plan ning schools agree on no body of litera ture and ideas to count as planning theory. Planning is like a paradigm "in crisis," in that theory does not mesh with experience. Moreover, neither of the two main candidates for the prime exemplar for planning practice—the master plan model or the policy analysis model — is acceptable enough to provide coherence to the field
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