This paper uses social network analysis to assess the overlap of organizations involved in hazard mitigation and planning networks in Houston, TX. We compare measures of network centrality and density to highlight unique characteristics across two networks and discuss implications of connectivity within each network. Results suggest that central actors occupy important structural locations within both networks. These overlapping organizations may be highly influential in both planning and hazard mitigation efforts. Finally, we discuss aspects of connectivity in these networks and discuss how the networks can be used to become more equitable and holistic in planning and hazard mitigation efforts.
AhujaAhuja. 2000. “Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study.” Administrative Science Quarterly45 (3): 425–55.
2.
AldrichDaniel P.2012a. “Building Resilience: Social Capital in Disaster Recovery.” In Social Capital: Its Role in Post-Disaster Recovery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3.
AldrichDaniel P.2012b. Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-disaster Recovery. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4.
AralSinanVan AlstyneMarshall. 2011. “The Diversity-Bandwidth Trade-Off.” American Journal of Sociology117 (1): 90–171.
BerardoRamiroLubellMark. 2016. “Understanding What Shapes a Polycentric Governance System.”Public Administration Review76 (5): 738–51. doi:10.1111/puar.12532.
7.
BerkePhilipGodschalkDavidKaiserEdward, and with DanielRodriguez. 2006. Urban Land Use Planning. 5th ed.Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
8.
BerkePhilipSmithGavin. 2009. “Hazard Mitigation, Planning, and Disaster Resiliency: Challenges and Strategic Choices for the 21st Century.”Building Safer Communities. Risk Governance, Spatial Planning and Responses to Natural Hazards1: 18.
9.
BerkePhilipNewmanGalenLeeJaekyungCombsTabithaKolosnaCarl.SalvesenDavid. 2015. “Evaluation of Networks of Plans and Vulnerability to Hazards and Climate Change: A Resilience Scorecard.” Journal of the American Planning Association81 (4): 287–302. doi:10.1080/01944363.2015.1093954.
10.
BerkePhilipMalechaMatthew L.YuSiyuLeeJaekyungMastersonJaimie H.2018. “Plan Integration for Resilience Scorecard: Evaluating Networks of Plans in Six US Coastal Cities.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management62:901–20.
BorgattiStephen P.2005. “Centrality and Network Flow.” Social Networks27 (1): 55–71.
13.
BorgattiStephen P.2009. “Social Network Analysis, Two-Mode Concepts.” In Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science, edited by MeyersR. ed., 8279–8291. New York: Springer.
14.
BrassDaniel J.1984. “Being in the Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Influence in an Organization.” Administrative Science Quarterly29 (4): 518–39.
15.
BrodySamuel DavidHighfieldWesley E.KangJung Eun. 2011. Rising Waters: The Causes and Consequences of Flooding in the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16.
BurbyRaymond J.2005. “Have State Comprehensive Planning Mandates Reduced Insured Losses from Natural Disasters?” Natural Hazards Review6 (2): 67–81. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2005)6:2(67).
17.
BurbyRaymond J., ed. 1998. “Cooperating with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for Sustainable Communities.”Natural Hazards and Disasters. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry Press.
18.
BurbyRaymond J.2006. “Hurricane Katrina and the Paradoxes of Government Disaster Policy: Bringing about Wise Governmental Decisions for Hazardous Areas.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science604 (1): 171–91.
19.
BurtRonald. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
DempwolfC. ScottLylesL. Ward. 2012. “The Uses of Social Network Analysis in Planning: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Planning Literature27 (1): 3–21.
24.
FaustKatherineSkvoretzJohn. 2002. “Comparing Networks across Space and Time, Size and Species.” Sociological Methodology32:267–99.
FeiockRichard C.2013. “The Institutional Collective Action Framework.” Public Studies Journal41 (3): 397–425.
27.
FinnDonovanHopkinsLewis D.WempeMatthew. 2007. “The Information System of Plans Approach: Using and Making Plans for Landscape Protection.” Landscape and Urban Planning81 (1–2): 132–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.11.006.
28.
FischerA. PaigeVance-BorlandKenJasnyLorienGrimmKerry E.CharnleySusan. 2016. “A Network Approach to Assessing Social Capacity for Landscape Planning: The Case of Fire-Prone Forests in Oregon, USA.” Landscape and Urban Planning147 (1): 18–27. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.10.006.
29.
ForesterJohn. 2013. “On the Theory and Practice of Critical Pragmatism: Deliberative Practice and Creative Negotiations.” Planning Theory12 (1): 5–22.
30.
GodschalkDavid R.RoseAdamMittlerElliottPorterKeithWestCarol Taylor. 2009. “Estimating the Value of Foresight: Aggregate Analysis of Natural Hazard Mitigation Benefits and Costs.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management52 (6): 739–56.
31.
GranovetterMark S.1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” The American Journal of Sociology78 (6): 1360–80.
32.
HannaKevin S.2000. “The Paradox of Participation and the Hidden Role of Information: A Case Study.”Journal of the American Planning Association66 (4): 398–410. doi:10.1080/01944360008976123.
HopkinsLewis D.2001. “Urban Development: The Logic of Making Plans.” Washington, DC: Island Press.
35.
InnesJudith E.1996. “Planning through Consensus Building: A New View of the Comprehensive Planning Ideal.” Journal of the American Planning Association62 (4): 460–72. doi:10.1080/01944369608975712.
36.
InnesJudith E.SarahConnickDavidBooher. 2007. “Informality as a Planning Strategy.”Journal of the American Planning Association73 (2): 195–210. doi:10.1080/01944360708976153.
37.
JungKyujinSongMinsunFeiockRichard. 2017. “Isolated and Broken Bridges from Interorganizational Emergency Management Networks: An Institutional Collective Action Perspective.” Urban Affairs Review55:950–75.
38.
KazaNikhilHopkinsLewis D.2012. “Intentional Actions, Plans, and Information Systems.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science26 (3): 557–76. doi:10.1080/13658816.2011.603337.
39.
KnokeDavid. 1990. Political Networks: The Structural Perspective. Structural Analysis in the Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40.
LiQingchunHannibalBryceMostafaviAliBerkePhilipWoodruffSierraVedlitzArnold. 2020. “Examining of the Actor Collaboration Networks around Hazard Mitigation: A Hurricane Harvey Study.” Natural Hazards103:3541–62. doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04142-1.
41.
LienertJuditSchnetzerFlorianIngoldKarin. 2013. “Stakeholder Analysis Combined with Social Network Analysis Provides Fine-Grained Insights into Water Infrastructure Planning Processes” Journal of Environmental Management125:134–48. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.052.
42.
LinNan. 1999. “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.” Connections22 (1): 28–51.
43.
LubellMark. 2013. “Governing Institutional Complexity: The Ecology of Games Framework.” The Policy Studies Journal41 (3): 537–59.
44.
LylesWard. 2015. “Using Social Network Analysis to Examine Planner Involvement in Environmentally Oriented Planning Processes Led by Non-planning Professions.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management58 (11): 1961–87.
45.
LylesWardBerkePhilipSmithGavin. 2014. “A Comparison of Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Quality in Six States, USA.” Landscape and Urban Planning122:89–99.
MastersonJaimie HicksPeacockWalter GillisZandtShannon S. VanGroverHimanshuSchwarzLori FeildCooperJohn T.2014. Planning for Community Resilience: A Handbook for Reducing Vulnerability to Disasters. Washington, DC: Island Press.
48.
MillsMorenaÁlvarez -RomeroJorge G.Vance-BorlandKenCohenPhilippaPresseyRobert L.GuerreroAngela M.ErnstsonHenrik. 2014. “Linking Regional Planning and Local Action: Towards Using Social Network Analysis in Systematic Conservation Planning.” Biological Conservation169:6–13. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.10.015.
PhelpsCoreyHeidlRalphWadhwaAnu. 2012. “Knowledge, Networks, and Knowledge Networks: A Review and Research Agenda.” Journal of Management38 (4): 1115–66.
51.
PodolnyJoel M.2001. “Networks as the Pipes and Prisms of the Market.” American Journal of Sociology107 (1): 33–60.
52.
PrellChristinaHubacekKlausReedMark. 2016. “Stakeholder Analysis and Social Network Analysis in Natural Resource Management.” Handbook of Applied System Science22:501–18.
53.
SadriArif MohaiminUkkusuriSatish V.GladwinHugh. 2017. “The Role of Social Networks and Information Sources on Hurricane Evacuation Decision Making.” Natural Hazards Review, American Society of Civil Engineers18 (3): 4017005.
SebastianAntoniaLenderingKasperKothuisBaukjeBrandNikkiJonkmanSebastiaan N.GelderPieter vanGodfroijMaartje, et al. 2017. “Hurricane Harvey Report: A Fact-Finding Effort in the Direct Aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in the Greater Houston Region.” Delft: Delft University Publishers. http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:54c24519-c366-4f2f-a3b9-0807db26f69c.
ShresthaManoj K.2018. “Network Structure, Strength of Relationships, and Communities’ Success in Project Implementation.” Public Administration Review78 (2): 284–94.
59.
TouiliNabilBaztanJuanVanderlindenJean PaulKaneIdrissa OumarDiaz-SimalPedroPietrantoniLuca. 2014. “Public Perception of Engineering-Based Coastal Flooding and Erosion Risk Mitigation Options: Lessons from Three European Coastal Settings.”Coastal Engineering. doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.01.004.
60.
WhiteDave. J Leah JonesMaciejewskiRossAggarwalRimjhimMascaroGiuseppe. 2017. “Stakeholder Analysis for the Food-Energy-Water Nexus in Phoenix, Arizona: Implications for Nexus Governance.” Sustainability9 (12): 2204.
