Natural Experiments in Planning Research

Boarnet M. G. Anderson C. L. Day K. McMillan T. Alfonzo M. 2005. “Evaluation of the California Safe Routes to School Legislation: Urban Form Changes and Children’s Active Transportation to School.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28 (2Suppl. 2): 134–40. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.026.

Cao J. Ermagun A. 2017. “Influences of LRT on Travel Behaviour: A Retrospective Study on Movers in Minneapolis.” Urban Studies 54 (11): 2504–20. doi:10.1177/0042098016651569.

Cohen D. A. Golinelli D. Williamson S. Sehgal A. Marsh T. McKenzie T. L. 2009. “Effects of Park Improvements on Park Use and Physical Activity: Policy and Programming Implications.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37 (6): 475–80. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.017.

Craig P. Cooper C. Gunnell D. Haw S. Lawson K. Macintyre S. Ogilvie D. Petticrew M. Reeves B. Sutton M. 2011. “Using Natural Experiments to Evaluate Population Health Interventions.” Glasgow: Medical Research Council.

Emmons K. M. Doubeni C. A. Fernandez M. E. Miglioretti D. L. Samet J. M. 2018. “National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: Methods for Evaluating Natural Experiments in Obesity.” Annals of Internal Medicine 168 (11): 809–14. doi:10.7326/m18-0501.

Fitzhugh E. C. Bassett D. R. Jr. Evans M. F. 2010. “Urban Trails and Physical Activity: A Natural Experiment.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 39 (3): 259–62. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.010.

Giles-Corti B. Bull F. Knuiman M. McCormack G. Van Niel K. Timperio A. Christian H. Foster S. Divitini M. Middleton N. 2013. “The Influence of Urban Design on Neighbourhood Walking Following Residential Relocation: Longitudinal Results from the RESIDE Study.” Social Science & Medicine 77:20–30. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.10.016.

Hassan E. 2006. “Recall Bias can be a Threat to Retrospective and Prospective Research Designs.” The Internet Journal of Epidemiology 3 (2): 339–412.

Lee C. Yoon J. Zhu X. 2017. “From Sedentary to Active School Commute: Multi-level Factors Associated with Travel Mode Shifts.” Preventive Medicine 95 (Suppl.): S28–S36. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.018.

Lu Y. Zhao J. T. Wu X. Y. Lo S. M. 2021. “Escaping to Nature during a Pandemic: A Natural Experiment in Asian Cities during the COVID-19 Pandemic with Big Social Media Data.” Science of the Total Environment 777:146092. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146092.

MacMillan F. George E. S. Feng X. Merom D. Bennie A. Cook A. Sanders T. Dwyer G. Pang B. Guagliano J. M. 2018. “Do Natural Experiments of Changes in Neighborhood Built Environment Impact Physical Activity and Diet? A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (2): 217. doi:10.3390/ijerph15020217.

McDonald N. C. Steiner R. L. Lee C. Smith T. R. Zhu X. M. Yang Y. Z. 2014. “Impact of the Safe Routes to School Program on Walking and Bicycling.” Journal of the American Planning Association 80 (2): 153–67. doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.956654.

Miller H. J. Tribby C. P. Brown B. B. Smith K. R. Werner C. M. Wolf J. Wilson L. Oliveira M. G. 2015. “Public Transit Generates New Physical Activity: Evidence from Individual GPS and Accelerometer Data before and after Light Rail Construction in a Neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.” Health & Place 36:8–17. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.08.005.

Painter K. 1996. “The Influence of Street Lighting Improvements on Crime, Fear and Pedestrian Street Use, after Dark.” Landscape and Urban Planning 35 (2–3): 193–201. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(96)00311-8.

The Nobel Prize. 2021. Natural Experiments Help Answer Important Questions. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2021/popular-information/.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. N.d.-a. “Healthy People 2030: Building a Healthier Future for All.” https://health.gov/healthypeople.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. N.d.-b. “Social Determinants of Health.” https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health.

White J. Greene G. Farewell D. Dunstan F. Rodgers S. Lyons R. A. Humphreys I. John A. Webster C. Phillips C. J. 2017. “Improving Mental Health Through the Regeneration of Deprived Neighborhoods: A Natural Experiment.” American Journal of Epidemiology 186 (4): 473–80. doi:10.1093/aje/kwx086.