The implementation of efforts to revitalize poor communities through participatory, collaborative planning efforts is often problematic. In part, this is because the organization of these efforts embodies an inherent tension between an ideology of associational action and local democracy on the one hand and an adherence to essentially rational-bureaucratic approaches to planning and implementation on the other. This article conceptualizes this tension and examines its unfolding and implications in comprehensive community initiatives through an in-depth case study of one such effort.
Arnstein, S. R.1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of theAmerican Planning Association35 (4): 216-224.
2.
Baum, H.2003. Community and consensus: Reality and fantasy in planning. In Readings in planning theory, 2nd ed., edited by S. Campbell and S. S. Fainstein, 275-295. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
3.
Briggs, X.1998. Doing democracy up close: Culture, power, and communication in community planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research18:1-13.
4.
Brodkin, E. Z.1990. Implementation as policy politics. In Implementation and the policy process: Opening up the black box, edited by D. J. Palumbo and D. J. Calista, 107-118. New York: Greenwood.
5.
Brodkin, E. Z.2000. Investigating policy's “practical” meaning: Streetlevel research on welfare policy. Working paper. Chicago: Joint Center for Poverty Research.
6.
Chaskin, R. J., and S. Garg. 1997. The issue of governance in neighborhoodbased initiatives. Urban Affairs Review32 (5): 631-661.
7.
Chaskin, R. J., M. L. Joseph, and S. Chipenda-Dansokho. 1997. Implementing comprehensive community development: Possibilities and limitations. Social Work42 (5): 435-444.
8.
Day, D.1997. Citizen participation in the planning process: An essentially contested concept. Journal of Planning Literature11 (3): 421-421.
9.
DiMaggio, P. J., and W. W. Powell. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review48:147-160.
10.
Douglas, J.1987. Political theories of nonprofit organization. In The nonprofit sector, edited by W. Powell, 43-53. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
11.
Dreier, P.1996. Community empowerment strategies: The limits and potential of community organizing in urban neighborhoods. Cityscape2 (2): 121-159.
12.
Gittell, M.1980. Limits to citizen participation: The decline of community organizations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
13.
Gittell, M., and K. Newman. 1998. Empowerment Zone implementation: Community participation and community capacity. Second year report to the MacArthur Foundation and the CUNY Collaborative Research Program, New York, Howard Samuels State Management and Policy Center at the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York.
14.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1971. Technology and science as “ideology.” In Toward a rational society: Student protest, science and politics, edited by Jürgen Habermas, 81-122. Boston: Beacon.
15.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1981. The theory of communicative action. Two volumes. Boston: Beacon.
16.
Halpern, R.1995. Rebuilding the inner city: A history of neighborhood initiatives to address poverty in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.
17.
Hummel, Ralph P.1977. The bureaucratic experience. New York: St. Martin's Press.
18.
Jackson, M. R., and P. Marris. 1996. Collaborative comprehensive community initiatives: Overview of an emerging community improvement orientation. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
19.
Kingsley, G. T., J. B. McNeely, and J. O. Gibson. 1997. Community building: Coming of age. Washington, DC: The Development Training Institute, Inc and the Urban Institute.
20.
Knoke, D., and J. Wood1981. Organized for action: Commitment in voluntary organizations. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
21.
Kubisch, A., P. Brown, R. J. Chaskin, J. Hirota, M. Joseph, H. Richman, and M. Roberts. 1997. Voices from the field: Learning from comprehensive community initiatives. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute.
22.
Lipsky, M.1980. Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
23.
Marquez, B.2003. Mexican-American political organization and philanthropy: Bankrolling a social movement. Social Service Review77 (3): 329-346.
24.
Milofsky, C.1987. Neighborhood organizations: A market analogy. In The nonprofit sector, edited by W. W. Powell, 277-295. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
25.
Milofsky, C.1988. Community organizations: Studies in resource mobilization and exchange. New York: Oxford University Press.
26.
O'Connor, A.1999. Swimming against the tide: A brief history of federal policy in poor communities. In Urban problems and community development, edited by R. F. Ferguson and W. T. Dickens, 77-138. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
27.
O'Connor, A.2001. Poverty knowledge: Social science, social policy, and the poor in twentieth-century U.S. history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
28.
Pfeffer, J., and G. R. Salancik. 1978. The external control of organizations: Aresource dependence perspective. New York: Harper& Row.
29.
Piven, F.1966. Participation of residents in neighborhood community action programs. Social Work11 (January): 73-80.
30.
Powell, W., and R. Friedkin. 1987. Organizational change in nonprofit organizations. In The nonprofit sector, edited by W. W. Powell, 180-192. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
31.
Pressman, J. L., and A. B. Wildavsky. 1984. Implementation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
32.
Rohe, W. M., and L. B. Gates. 1985. Planning with neighborhoods. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
33.
Rothman, J.1995. Approaches to community intervention. In Strategies of community intervention, edited by J. Rothman, J. L. Erlich, and J. E. Tropman. Itasca, IL: Peacock.
34.
Rothschild-Whitt, J.1979. The collectivist organization: An alternative to rational-bureaucratic models. American Sociological Review44:509-527.
35.
Scavo, C.1993. The use of participative mechanisms by large U.S. cities. Journal of Urban Affairs15 (1): 93-109.
36.
Stagner, M. W., and M. A. Duran. 1997. Comprehensive community initiatives: Principals, practices, and lessons learned. Future of Children7 (2): 132-140.
37.
Stone, R.1996. Core issues in comprehensive community-building initiatives. Chicago, IL: Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago.
38.
Tauxe, C. S.1995. Marginalizing public participation in local planning. Journal of the American Planning Association61 (4): 471-482.
39.
Tropman, J. E.2001. Value conflicts and decision making: Analysis and resolution. In Tactics and techniques of community intervention, edited by J. E. Tropman, J. L. Erlich, and J. Rothman. Itasca, IL: Peacock.
40.
Weber, M.1978. Economy and society, Two volumes, edited by G. Roth and C. Wittich. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
