This article compares the participatory methods and attitudes of four very different planners for whom public participation is central to practice. The comparison is based on Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space and so emphasizes the decisiveness of material outcomes in gauging the depth and effectiveness of participatory processes. The featured planners are public art experts, which lends the study an air of freedom of expression while remaining well within the planning realms of central area enhancement, community development, and professional commitment to realizing the public interest.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Al-Khodmany, Kheir. 1999. Combining artistry and technology in participatory community planning. Berkeley Planning Journal13:28-36.
2.
Arnstein, Sherry R. 1969. A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners(July):216-224.
3.
Aronowitz, Stanley. 1993. Is a democracy possible? The decline of the public in the American debate. In The phantom public sphere, edited by Bruce Robbins, 75-92. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
4.
Barber, Benjamin R. 1984. Strong democracy: Participatory politics for a new age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5.
Baum, Howell. 1996. Why the rational paradigm persists: Tales from the field. Journal of Planning Education and Research15 (2): 127-135.
6.
Baum, Howell. 1998. Ethical behavior is extraordinary behavior; it’s the same as all other behavior: A case study in community planning. Journal of the American Planning Association64 (4): 411-423.
7.
Beauregard, Robert A. 1998. Writing the planner. Journal of Planning Education and Research18:93-101.
8.
Berry, Jeffrey M., Kent E. Portnoy, and Ken Thomson. 1993. The rebirth of urban democracy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
9.
Burby, Raymond J. 2003. Making plans that matter: Citizen involvement and government action. Journal of the American Planning Association69 (1): 33-49.
10.
Carp, Jana. 1999a. “The key to the treasure”: Locating creativity in planning contexts. Paper presented to the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Chicago.
11.
Carp, Jana. 1999b. The peopling of public space: Interpreting Lefebvre’s production of space theory for planning practice. PhD diss., University of Illinois at Chicago.
12.
Carp, Richard, ed. 1994. saber es poder/interventions.Los Angeles: ADOBE-LA.
13.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihalyi. 1996. Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: HarperCollins.
14.
Dahl, Robert A. 1956. A preface to democratic theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15.
Evans, Sara M., and Harry C. Boyte. 1986. Free spaces: The sources of democratic change in America. New York: Harper & Row.
16.
Fainstein, Susan S. 2000. New directions in planning theory. Urban Affairs Review35 (4): 451-478.
17.
Forester, John. 1996. Argument, power and passion in planning practice. In Explorations in planning theory, edited by Seymour Mandelbaum, Luigi Mazza, and Robert Burchell, 241-262. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University.
18.
Friedmann, John. 1987. Planning in the public domain: From knowledge to action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
19.
Gottdiener, Mark. 1985. The social production of urban space. Austin: University of Texas Press.
20.
Haraway, Donna. 1996. Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. In Human geography: An essential anthology, edited by John Agnew, David N. Livingstone, and Alisdair Rogers, 108-128. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
21.
Healey, Patsy. 1996. The communicative work of development plans. In Explorations in planning theory, edited by Seymour Mandelbaum, Luigi Mazza, and Robert Burchell, 263-288. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University.
22.
Hemmens, George C., Charles Hoch, and Jana Carp, eds. 1996. Under one roof: Issues and innovations in shared housing. Albany: State University of New York Press.
23.
Holston, James. 1995. Spaces of insurgent citizenship. Planning Theory13:30-50.
24.
Innes, Judith. 1995. Planning theory’s emerging paradigm: Communicative action and interactive practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research14 (3): 183-189.
25.
Isaac, Claudia B., and Susanne Kissmann. 1998. The Albuquerque community planning program: Contradictions in planning for community identity. Paper presented to the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Pasadena, CA.
26.
Jacobs, Jane. [1961] 1993. The death and life of great American cities. New York: Random House.
27.
Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The production of space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
28.
Liggett, Helen, and David C. Perry, eds. 1995. Spatial practices: Critical explorations in social/spatial theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29.
Loeb, Paul Rogat. 1999. Soul of a citizen: Living with conviction in a cynical time. New York: St. Martin’s.
30.
Madanipour, Ali. 1996. Urban design and the dilemmas of space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space14:331-355.
31.
Mannheim, Karl. 1949. Man and society in an age of reconstruction. New York: Harcourt Brace.
32.
Margerum, Richard D. 2002. Collaborative planning: Building consensus and building a distinct model for practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research21 (3): 237-253.
33.
Nelessen, Anton Clarence. 1994. Views for a new American dream: Process, principles and an ordinance to plan and design small communities. Chicago: Planners Press.
34.
Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and democratic theory. London: Cambridge University Press.
35.
Putnam, Robert D. 1976. Introduction. In The comparative study of political elites, 2-19. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
36.
Saarikoski, Heli. 2002. Naturalized epistemology and dilemmas of planning practice. Journal of Planning Education and Research22 (1): 3-14.
37.
Sandercock, Leonie, ed. 1998. Making the invisible visible. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
38.
Schneekloth, Lynda H., and Robert G. Shibley. 1995. Placemaking: The art and practice of building communities. NewYork: John Wiley.
39.
Schön, Donald A. 1982. Some of what a planner knows. Journal of the American Planning Association48:351-364.
40.
Shutkin, William A. 2000. The land that could be: Civic environmentalism and democracy in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
41.
Soja, Edward W. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
42.
Talen, Emily, and Cliff Ellis. 2002. Beyond relativism: Reclaiming the search for good city form. Journal of Planning Education and Research22 (1): 36-49.
43.
Umemoto, Karen. 2001. Walking in another’s shoes: Epistemological challenges in participatory planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research21 (1): 17-31.
44.
Walker, Jack L. 1966. A critique of the elitist theory of democracy. American Political Science Review60:285-295.
