We examine greed and grievance mechanisms that connect illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and piracy. We use several cases (e.g. Somalia, Nigeria) to illustrate these mechanisms and empirically examine the relationship between IUU fishing and state-year piracy events from 1990 to 2015. We find that countries experiencing significant levels of IUU fishing face much greater risks for piracy. We also evaluate several mediating conditions of our theory with interaction terms (state capacity, state fragility, and legal fishing incentives) and find that the relationship between IUU fishing and piracy is strongest for moderately developed states with greater state fragility and higher fish catch values.
AgnewDPearceJPramodG, et al. (2009) Estimating the worldwide extent of illegal fishing.PLoS One4(2): 1–8.
2.
ArkyA, (2010). Trading nets for guns: the impact of illegal fishing on piracy in Somalia. Thesis and Dissertation. Naval Post Graduate School.
3.
AxbardS (2016) Income opportunities and sea piracy in Indonesia: Evidence from satellite data.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics8(2): 154–194.
4.
BaileyC (1988) The political economy of fisheries development in the third world.Agriculture and Human Values5(1–2): 35–48.
5.
BaileyCCyconDMorrisM (1986) Fisheries development in the third world: The role of international agencies.World Development14(10–11): 1269–1275.
6.
Banks, Arthur S., Wilson, Kenneth A. 2022. Cross-National Time-Series Data (CNTS). Databanks International. Jerusalem, Israel; see https://www.cntsdata.com/
BondaroffPTealeNReitanoT, et al. (2015) The illegal fishing and organized crime nexus: Illegal fishing as transnational organized crime. The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and The Black Fish.
9.
BuegerC (2013) Practice, pirates and coast guards: The grand narrative of Somali piracy. Third World Quarterly34(10): 1811–1827.
10.
BuegerCEdmundsT (2020) Blue crime: Conceptualising transnational organised crime at sea.Marine Policy119: 104067.
11.
ChassotEDewalsPFlochL, et al. (2010) Analysis of the effects of Somali piracy on the European tuna purse seine fisheries of the Indian Ocean. Committee Report: Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC).
12.
CogginsBL (2016) Failing and the seven seas? Somali piracy in global perspective.Journal of Global Security Studies1(4): 251–269.
13.
CollierPHoefflerA (2004) Greed and grievance in civil war.Oxford Economic Papers56: 563–595.
14.
DaxeckerUPrinsBC (2013) Insurgents of the sea: Institutional and economic opportunities for maritime piracy.Journal of Conflict Resolution57(6): 940–965.
15.
DaxeckerUPrinsBC (2015a) Enforcing order: Territorial reach and maritime piracy.Conflict Management and Peace Science34(4): 359–379.
16.
DaxeckerUPrinsBC (2015b) The New Barbary wars: Forecasting maritime piracy.Foreign Policy Analysis11(1): 23–44.
17.
DaxeckerUPrinsBC (2015c) Searching for sanctuary: Government power and the location of maritime piracy.International Interactions41(4): 699–717.
18.
DaxeckerUPrinsB (2021) Pirate Lands. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
19.
DentonGLHarrisJR (2019) The impact of illegal fishing on maritime piracy: Evidence from West Africa. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism44(11): 938–957.
20.
DesaiRMShambaughGE (2021) Measuring the global impact of destructive and illegal fishing on maritime piracy: A spatial analysis. PLoS ONE16(2): e0246835.
21.
DouglasLRAlieK (2014) High value natural resources: Linking wildlife conservation to international conflict, insecurity, and development concerns. Biological Conservation171: 270–277.
22.
DudleyJGinsbergJRPlumptreAJ, et al. (2002) Effects of war and civil strife on wildlife and wildlife habitats.Conservation Biology16(2): 319–329.
23.
FAO (2001) International plan of action to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-y1224e.pdf
24.
FAO (2014) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges, 209. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
25.
FarleyRMGortzakY (2009) Fighting piracy: Experiences in Southeast Asia and off the horn of Africa.Journal of Strategic Security2(1): 1–24.
26.
FearonJDLaitinD (2003) Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war.American Political Science Review97(1): 75–90.
27.
FlückigerMLudwigM (2015) Economic shocks in the fisheries sector and maritime piracy.Journal of Development Economics114(2015): 107–125.
28.
HansenSJ (2011) Debunking the piracy myth. The RUSI Journal156(6): 26–31.
29.
HassanDHasanSM (2017) Origin, development and evolution of maritime piracy: A historical analysis.International Journal of Law, Crime, and Justice49: 1–9.
30.
HastingsJV (2009) Geographies of state failure and sophistication in maritime piracy hijackings.Political Geography28(1): 213–223.
31.
HastingsJVPhillipsSG (2015) Maritime piracy business networks and institutions in Africa.African Affairs114.457(2015): 555–576.
32.
HendrixCSGlaserSM (2011) Civil conflicts and world fisheries, 1952–2004.Journal of Peace Research48(4): 481–495.
Le BillonP (2001) The political ecology of war: Natural resources and armed conflicts.Political Geography20(5): 561–584.
38.
LissC (2011) Oceans of Crime: Maritime Piracy and Transnational Security in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
39.
Martin, James and Cunliffe, Jack D and Décary-Hétu, David and Aldridge, Judith (2018) The international darknet drugs trade - a regional analysis of cryptomarkets. In: Smith, Russell G., ed. Organised crime research in Australia 2018. Australian Institute of Criminology Research Reports. Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 95-103.
40.
MitchellSMThiesCG (2012) Resource curse in reverse: How civil wars influence natural resource production.International Interactions38(2): 218–242.
41.
MurphyMN (2010) Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money: Piracy and Maritime Terrorism in the Modern World. New York: Columbia University Press.
42.
NemethSCMitchellSMNymanEA, et al. (2014) Ruling the sea: Managing maritime conflicts through UNCLOS and exclusive economic zones.International Interactions40(5): 711–736.
43.
OliverSJablonskiRHastingsJV (2017) The tortuga disease: The perverse effects of illicit foreign capital.International Studies Quarterly61(2): 312–327.
44.
Omar JA, Mohamed AA and Bambale AS (2019) Impacts of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing on developing countries: The case of Somalia. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences 9(4): 1–15.
45.
PetrossianGALettieriJClarkeRVG (2022) Addressing the security issues related to illegal commercial fishing. In: GillM (eds) The Handbook of Security. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 429–445.
46.
PomeroyRParksJPollnacR, et al. (2007) Fish wars: Conflict and collaboration in fisheries management in Southeast Asia.Marine Policy31(6): 645–656.
47.
RossML (2003) Oil, drugs, and diamonds: The varying role of natural resources in civil war. In: BallentineKShermanJ (eds) The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Greed and Grievance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 47–72.
48.
ShortlandA (2015) Can we stop talking about Somali piracy now? A personal review of Somali piracy studies.Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy21(4): 419–431.
49.
ShortlandAVareseF (2014) The Protector's Choice: An application of protection theory to Somali piracy.The British Journal of Criminology54(5): 741–764.
50.
ShortlandAVothknechtM (2011) Combating maritime terrorism off the coast of Somalia.European Journal of Political Economy27: S133–S151.
51.
SrinivasanUTWatsonRSumailaUR (2012) Global fisheries losses at the exclusive economic zone level, 1950 to present. Marine Policy36: 544–549.
52.
TominagaY (2018) Exploring the economic motivation of maritime piracy.Defence and Peace Economics29(4): 383–406.
53.
UsmanASOluwaseyi AfolabiJFriday NwoyeC (2019) Impact of piracy and sea robberies on fishing business in Nigeria: A focus on Lagos coastal area. Review of International Comparative Management20(4): 396–408.
54.
VespeMGreidanusHAlvarezM (2015) The declining impact of piracy on maritime transport in the Indian ocean: Statistical analysis of 5-year vessel tracking data.Marine Policy59: 9–15.
55.
WatsonRA (2017) A database of global marine commercial, small-scale, illegal and unreported fisheries catch 1950–2014.Nature4: 170039.
56.
WeldemichaelAT (2012) Maritime corporate terrorism and its consequences in the western Indian ocean: Illegal fishing, waste dumping and piracy in twenty-first-century Somalia. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region8(2): 110–126.
57.
WeldemichaelAT (2019) Piracy in Somalia: Violence and Development in the Horn of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
58.
WhitmanSSuarezC (2012) Dalhousie Marine Piracy Project: The Root Causes and True Costs of Marine Piracy. Marine Affairs Program Technical Report no. 1. Available at Marine Affairs Program: http://marineaffairsprogram.dal.ca/PublicationsZhang.
59.
Zhang, Hongzhou. 2012. “China's Evolving Fishing Industry: Implications for Regional and Global Maritime Security.” RSIS Working Paper No. 246. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
60.
ZornCJW (2001) Generalized estimating equation models for correlated data: A review with applications.American Journal of Political Science45(2): 470–490.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
