A Simple,Inexpensive Solid Fuel Furnace for Small Scale Combustion Toxicity Studies

Smith EA , Kimmel EC , Bowen LE , Reboulet JE and Carpenter RL 1997. "Preliminary Assessment of a Pyrotechnically Generated Aerosol Fire Suppressant." Inhal. Tox., 9: 449-463.

Smith EA , Kimmel EC , English JH , Bowen LE , Reboulet JE and Carpenter RL 1997. "Evaluation of the Respiratory Tract After Acute Exposure to a Pyrotechnically Generated Aerosol Fire Suppressant." J. Appl. Toxicol., 17(2): 95-103.

Kimmel EC , Yerkes KL and Carpenter RL 1997. "Performance, Fluid Mechanics, and Design of a Small-Animal, Whole-Body Inhalation Exposure Chamber." Inhal. Tox., 9: 287-315.

Hartzell GE 1989. "Combustion of Materials," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology, Volume One, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 1-7.

Hinds WC 1982. "Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles." New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-424.

Gad SC 1990. "Combustion Toxicity Testing," in Combustion Toxicology SC Gad and RC Anderson, eds., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., pp. 81-128.

Kaplan HL , Grand AF and Hartzell GE 1983. "Combustion Toxicology Principles and Test Methods." Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 1-174.

Tewarson A. 1990. "Relationship Between Generation of CO and CO 2 and Toxicity of Environments Created by Materials in Flaming and Nonflaming Fires and Effects of Fire Ventilation," in Characterization and Toxicity of Smoke, HK Hasegawa, ed., Baltimore, MD: American Society of Testing and Materials, pp. 23-33.

O'Mara MM 1974. "A Comparison of Combustion Products Obtained from Various Synthetic Polymers." J. Fire Flammability and Combust. Toxicol. , S1: 141-156.

Kaplan H. 1990. "Current Status, Issues and Directions in Combustion Toxicology," in Combustion Toxicology, SC Gad and RC Anderson, eds., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., pp. 192-202.

Hilado CJ and Gall LA 1977. "Relative Toxicity of Pyrolysis Products of Some Wood Samples." J. Combust. Tox., 4: 193-199.

Norris JC 1990. "Investigation of the Dual LC50 Values in Woods Using the University of Pittsburgh Combustion Toxicity Apparatus," in Characterization and Toxicity of Smoke, HK Hasegawa, ed., Baltimore, MD : American Society of Testing and Materials , pp. 57-71.

Grand AF 1989. "Effect of Experimental Conditions on the Evolution of Combustion Products Using a Modified University of Pittsburgh Toxicity Test Apparatus," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology, Volume 1, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 298-322.

Beyler CL 1986. "Major Species Production by Solid Fuels in a Two-Layer Compartment," in Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the First International Symposium, New York, NY Hemisphere Publishing Co., pp. 431-451.

Tran HC 1990. "Correlation of Wood Smoke Produced from NBS Smoke Chamber and OSU Heat Release Apparatus," in Characterization and Toxicity of Smoke , HK Hasegawa, ed., Baltimore, MD: American Society of Testing and Materials, pp. 135-146.

Gad SC 1990. "A Review of the Combustion Toxicity of Polymers by Class," in Combustion Toxicology, SC Gad and RC Anderson, eds., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., pp. 147-176.

Esposito FM and Alarie Y. 1992. "Inhalation Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide Gases Released During the Thermal Decomposition of Polymers," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology, Volume Three, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 78-125.

Prager FH , Einbrodt HJ , Hupfeld J. , Muller B. and Sand H. 1989. "Risk Oriented Evaluation of Fire Gas Toxicity Based on Laboratory Scale Experiment-the DIN 53436 Method," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology, Volume Two, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 248-265.

Gad SC 1990. "Basics of Inhalation Toxicology and Heat Stress Physiology," in Combustion Toxicology, SC Gad and RC Anderson, eds., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., pp. 23-62.

Astm. 1998. E 176-86: "Standard Terminology Relating to Fire Standards," in Fire Test Standards , Second edition, Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 116-120.

Fleischmann CM , Dod RL , Brown NJ , Novakov T. , Mowrer FW and William-son RB 1990. "The Use of Medium-Scale Experiments to Determine Smoke Characteristics," in Characterization and Toxicity of Smoke, HK Hasegawa, ed., Baltimore, MD: American Society of Testing and Materials, pp.147-164.

King TY 1975. "Empirical Relationships Between Optical Density and Mass Density of Smoke." J. Fire Flamm., 6: 222-227.

Friedlander SK 1977. "Smoke, Dust and Haze: Fundamentals of Aerosol Behavior," New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1-367.

Ferek RJ , Hobbs PV , Herring JA , Lauresen KK , Weiss RA and Rasmussen RA 1992. "Chemical Composition of Emissions from the Kuwait Oil Fires." J. Geophys. Res., 97: 14483-14489.

Alexeeff GV , Lee YC , White JA and Putas ND 1989. "Use of an Approximate Lethal Exposure Method for Examining the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Combustion Products," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology, Volume Two, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 48-60.

Alexeeff GV , Lee YC , Thorning D. , Howard ML and Hudson LD 1989. "Pulmonary Tissue Reactions in Response to Smoke Injury," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology, Volume Two, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 95-110.

Gad SC and Smith AC 1989. "Influence of Heating Rates on the Toxicity of Evolved Combustion Products: Results and a System for Research," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology, Volume One, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 65-79.

Alexeeff GV and Packham SC 1989. "Use of a Radiant Furnace Fire Model to Evaluate Acute Toxicity of Smoke," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology, Volume One, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 167-181.

Nrc. 1986. "Fire and Smoke: Understanding the Hazards." Committee on Fire Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 1-156.

Newman JS 1990. "Smoke Characterization in Enclosure Environments," in Characterization and Toxicity of Smoke, HK Hasegawa, ed., Baltimore, MD: American Society of Testing and Materials , pp. 121-134.

Zelikoff JT , Li Y. , Nadziejko C. , Chen LC and Cohen MD 1997. "PM10 Generated From Wood Burning May be Responsible for Increased Pulmonary Infections : A Toxicological Model." The Toxicologist, 36(1, part 2):7 (abstract).

Klimisch HJ , Doe JE , Hartzell GE , Packham SC , Pauluhn J. and Pursur DA 1989. "Bioassay Procedures for Fire Effluents: Basic Principles, Criteria and Methodology," in Advances in Combustion Toxicology , Volume Two, GE Hartzell, ed., Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 150-181.