The fire environment in thirty-six car parks of volumes varying from 2,000 m3 to 50,000 m3, ceiling heights of 3 m, 4 m and 5 m are simulated using the fire zone model, CFAST version 2.0 developed at the Building and Fire Research Laboratory, NIST in U.S.A. The concept of using the space volume as a criterion to determine the requirement of smoke extraction system is reviewed. The concept of time constant in an atrium hall is proposed to be used in car parks and underground spaces. The empirical expression fitted by experimental data appearing in NFPA-92B is applied to calculate the time con stant. This is then correlated with the smoke filling time for those thirty-six car parks with and without natural horizontal ceiling vents. Design of the smoke extraction system for underground spaces is also studied.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Chow, W.K.1990. "On the Ventilation Design in Underground Car Park,"Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology , accepted for publication, Demark.
2.
1990. Minimum Fire Services Installation, Hong Kong: Fire Services Department.
3.
Morgan, H.P. and J.P. Gardner.1990. "Design Principles for Smoke Ventilation in Enclosed Shopping Centres," Building Research Establishment Report , Borehamwood, U.K.: Fire Research Station.
4.
Klote, J. and J. Milke.1992. "Design of Smoke Management Systems," ASHRAE Publication 90022, ASHRAE, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
5.
Butcher, E.G.1970. "Fire and Car Park Buildings," Fire Research Note 841 , Borehamwood, U.K.: Fire Research Station.
6.
Bennetts, I.D., I.R. Thomas, D.J. Proe and R.R. Lewins.1990. "Fire Safety in Carparks,"Structural Steel Development Group, BHP Steel, Melbourne, Australia.
7.
Chow, W.K.1995. "Simulation of Car Park Fires Using Zone Models,"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, to be published.
8.
Peacock, R.D., G.P. Forney, P. Reneke, R. Portier and W.W. Jones.1993. "CFAST, the Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport," NIST Technical Note 1299, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
9.
Jones, W.W.1993. "Modelling Smoke Movement through Compartmented Structure,"Journal of Fire Science, 11:172-183
10.
. Cooper, L.Y. and G.P. Forney.1990. "The Consolidated Compartment Fire Model (CCFM) Computer Code Application CCFM.VENTS-Part I: Physical Basis," NISTIR 4342, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
11.
Forney, G.P. and L.Y. Cooper.1990. "The Consolidation Compartment Fire Model (CCFM) Computer Code Application CCFM.VENTS-Part II: Software Reference Guide," NISTIR 4343, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
12.
Cooper, L.Y. and G.P. Forney.1990. "The Consolidation Compartment Fire Model (CCFM) Computer Code Application CCFM.VENTS-Part III: Software Reference Guide," NISTIR 4343, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
13.
Forney, G.P., L.Y. Cooper and W. Moss.1990. "The Consolidation Compartment Fire Model (CCFM) Computer Code Application CCFM. VENTS-Part IV: Software Reference Guide," NISTIR 4343 , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
14.
1990-1992. "FIRECALC-Fire Engineering Software,"North Ryde, Australia : Division of Building, Construction and Engineering.
15.
Chow, W.K.1994. "On the Evaluation of a 'Time Constant' for Studying the Smoke Filling Process in Atrium Spaces,"Fire and Material, 18(5):327-331.
16.
Chow, W.K.1994. "Fire Aspects for Atrium Building in Hong Kong,"7th International Research and Training Seminar on Regional Development Planning for Disaster Prevention: Improved Fire Safety System in Developing Countries, United Nations Centre for Regional Development, October 17, Tokyo, Japan
17.
Thomas, P.H., P.L. Hinkley, C.R. Theobald and D.L. Simms.1963. "Investigation into the Flow of Hot Gases in Roof Venting," Fire Research Technical Paper Na 7, London: HMSO.
18.
Zukoski, E.E. , T. Kubato and B. Cetegen.1980-1981. "Entrainment on Fire Plumes,"Fire Safety Journal , 3(1):107-121
19.
. 1991. "Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria and Large Areas," NFPA 92B, National Fire Protection, Quincy, MA, U.S.A.
20.
Klote, J.H.1994. "Method of Predicting Smoke Movement in Atria with Application to Smoke Management," NISTIR Report 5516, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S.A.
21.
Söderbom, J.1992. "Smoke Spread Experiments in Large Rooms. Experimental Results and Numerical Simulation," SP Report 1992:52, Sweden : Swedish Natural Testing and Research Institute.
22.
Chow, W.K., W. Fan and L. Chen.1993. "Full-Scale Burning Facilities for Atrium Fire Research,"Fire Safety Science-in Chinese, 2(2):60-63.
