Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2020-11
Facile preparation of uniform polydopamine particles and its application as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for biodegradable polylactic acid
The demand for environmentally benign flame retardants for biodegradable polymers has become particularly necessary due to their inherently “green” nature. This work reports intrinsically non-toxic polydopamine (PDA) particles as an efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA). 5 wt% PDA loading resulted in a 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate, 34.7% increase in the fire performance index, and lower CO2 production compared to neat PLA. A limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 27.5% and a V-2 rating was achieved in the UL-94 vertical burning test. Highly aggregated amorphous particulate char was formed with the increasing content of PDA, and a significant reduction in evolved pyrolysis gaseous products was achieved for the PLA/PDA composites as compared with control PLA. This work provides important insight into the potential commercial application of PDA alone as an efficiently green, environmentally benign flame retardant for bioplastic PLA.
TawiahBYuBFeiB.Advances in flame retardant poly(lactic acid). Polymers2018; 10(8): 876.
2.
ArmentanoIBitinisNFortunatiE, et al. Multifunctional nanostructured PLA materials for packaging and tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci2013; 38(10): 1720–1747.
3.
ChenYGeeverLMKillionJA, et al. Review of multifarious applications of poly (lactic acid). Polym Plast Technol Eng2016; 55(10): 1057–1075.
4.
ZongELiuXLiuL, et al. Graft polymerization of acrylic monomers onto lignin with CaCl2–H2O2 as initiator: preparation, mechanism, characterization, and application in poly(lactic acid). ACS Sustain Chem Eng2018; 6(1): 337–348.
5.
PreechawongDPeesanMSupapholP, et al. Preparation and characterization of starch/poly (L-lactic acid) hybrid foams. Carbohyd Polym2005; 59(3): 329–337.
VelezHA.Identification characteristics of PLA fibers: a new generic fiber type. Forensic Sci Commun2003; 5(3).
8.
FengJSunYSongP, et al. Fire-resistant, strong, and green polymer nanocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) and core–shell nanofibrous flame retardants. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2017; 5(9): 7894–7904.
9.
HoracekHGrabnerR.Advantages of flame retardants based on nitrogen compounds. Polym Degrad Stabil1996; 54(2): 205–215.
10.
GreenJ.Mechanisms for flame retardancy and smoke suppression-a review. J Fire Flammability1996; 14(6): 426–442.
11.
LaoutidFBonnaudLAlexandreM, et al. New prospects in flame retardant polymer materials: from fundamentals to nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng R2009; 63(3): 100–125.
12.
WeiLLWangDYChenHB, et al. Effect of a phosphorus-containing flame retardant on the thermal properties and ease of ignition of poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stabil2011; 96(9): 1557–1561.
13.
XiongZZhangYDuX, et al. Green and scalable fabrication of core–shell biobased flame retardants for reducing flammability of polylactic acid. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2019; 7(9): 8954–8963.
14.
YinWChenLLuF, et al. Mechanically robust, flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) biocomposites via combining cellulose nanofibers and ammonium polyphosphate. ACS Omega2018; 3(5): 5615–5626.
15.
SunYSunSChenL, et al. Flame retardant and mechanically tough poly(lactic acid) biocomposites via combining ammonia polyphosphate and polyethylene glycol. Compos Commun2017; 6: 1–5.
16.
Sanchez-OlivaresGSanchez-SolisACalderasF, et al. Keratin fibres derived from tannery industry wastes for flame retarded PLA composites. Polym Degrad Stabil2017; 140: 42–54.
NishidaHFanYMoriT, et al. Feedstock recycling of flame-resisting poly (lactic acid)/aluminum hydroxide composite to L, L-lactide. Ind Eng Chemy Res2005; 44(5): 1433–1437.
19.
HapuarachchiTDPeijsT.Multiwalled carbon nanotubes and sepiolite nanoclays as flame retardants for polylactide and its natural fibre reinforced composites. Compos Part A: Appl S2010; 41(8): 954–963.
20.
FengJXSuSPZhuJ.An intumescent flame retardant system using β-cyclodextrin as a carbon source in polylactic acid (PLA). Polym Adv Technol2011; 22(7): 1115–1122.
21.
ZhangRXiaoXTaiQ, et al. Modification of lignin and its application as char agent in intumescent flame-retardant poly (lactic acid). Polym Eng Sci2012; 52(12): 2620–2626.
22.
FukushimaKMurariuMCaminoG, et al. Effect of expanded graphite/layered-silicate clay on thermal, mechanical and fire retardant properties of poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stabil2010; 95(6): 1063–1076.
23.
ZhaoXGuerreroFRLlorcaJ, et al. New superefficiently flame-retardant bioplastic poly (lactic acid): flammability, thermal decomposition behavior, and tensile properties. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2015; 4(1): 202–209.
24.
CostesLLaoutidFBrohezS, et al. Bio-based flame retardants: when nature meets fire protection. Mater Sci Eng R2017; 117: 1–25.
25.
CarosioFDi BlasioAAlongiJ, et al. Green DNA-based flame retardant coatings assembled through layer by layer. Polymer2013; 54(19): 5148–5153.
26.
AlongiJPoškovićMFracheA, et al. Novel flame retardants containing cyclodextrin nanosponges and phosphorus compounds to enhance EVA combustion properties. Polym Degrad Stabil2010; 95(10): 2093–2100.
27.
HorrocksAKandolaBKDaviesP, et al. Developments in flame retardant textiles —a review. Polym Degrad Stabil2005; 88(1): 3–12.
28.
HuSSongLPanH, et al. Thermal properties and combustion behaviors of chitosan based flame retardant combining phosphorus and nickel. Ind Eng Chemy Res2012; 51(9): 3663–3669.
29.
ChoJHVasagarVShanmuganathanK, et al. Bioinspired catecholic flame retardant nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foams. Chem Mater2015; 27 (19): 6784–6790.
30.
LiuYAiKLuL.Polydopamine and its derivative materials: synthesis and promising applications in energy, environmental, and biomedical fields. Chem Rev2014; 114(9): 5057–5115.
31.
LiuMZengGWangK, et al. Recent developments in polydopamine: an emerging soft matter for surface modification and biomedical applications, Nanoscale2016; 8: 16819–16840.
32.
ChoJHShanmuganathanKEllisonCJ.Bioinspired catecholic copolymers for antifouling surface coatings. ACS Appl Mater Inter2013; 5(9): 3794–3802.
33.
JiangXWangYLiM.Selecting water-alcohol mixed solvent for synthesis of polydopamine nano-spheres using solubility parameter. Sci Rep2014; 4: 6070.
34.
ValapaRBPugazhenthiGKatiyarV.Effect of graphene content on the properties of poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites. RSC Adv2015; 5(36): 28410–28423.
35.
BalazsACEmrickTRussellTP.Nanoparticle polymer composites: where two small worlds meet. Science2006; 314(5802): 1107.
36.
ZangmeisterRAMorrisTATarlovMJ.Characterization of polydopamine thin films deposited at short times by autoxidation of dopamine. Langmuir2013; 29(27): 8619–8628.
37.
LuoHGuCZhengW, et al. Facile synthesis of novel size-controlled antibacterial hybrid spheres using silver nanoparticles loaded with poly-dopamine spheres. RSC Adv2015; 5(18): 13470–13477.
38.
ShiYLiuCLiuL, et al. Strengthening, toughing and thermally stable ultra-thin MXene nanosheets/polypropylene nanocomposites via nanoconfinement. Chem Eng J2019; 378: 122267.
39.
LinBYuenACYLiA, et al. MXene/chitosan nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foam towards remarkable fire hazards reductions. J Hazard Mater2020; 381: 120952.
40.
WangLHuLGaoS, et al. Bio-inspired polydopamine-coated clay and its thermo-oxidative stabilization mechanism for styrene butadiene rubber. RSC Adv2015; 5(12): 9314–9324.
41.
TawiahBYuBYuenACY, et al. Thermal, crystalline and mechanical properties of flame retarded Poly(lactic acid) with a PBO—like small molecule—Phenylphosphonic Bis(2-aminobenzothiazole). Polym Degrad Stabil2019; 163: 76–86.
42.
TawiahBYuBYuenRKK, et al. Highly efficient flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of boron modified graphene Oxide/Poly(Lactic acid) nanocomposites. Carbon2019; 150: 8–20.
43.
TawiahBYuBWeiR, et al. Simultaneous fire safety enhancement and mechanical reinforcement of poly(lactic acid) biocomposites with hexaphenyl (nitrilotris(ethane-2,1-diyl))tris(phosphoramidate). J Hazard Mater2019; 380: 120856.
44.
FukushimaKTabuaniDDottoriM, et al. Effect of temperature and nanoparticle type on hydrolytic degradation of poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stabil2011; 96(12): 2120–2129.
45.
BourbigotSDuquesneSJamaC.Polymer nanocomposites: how to reach low flammability?Macromol Symp2006; 233(1): 180–190.
46.
SchartelBPötschkePKnollU, et al. Fire behaviour of polyamide 6/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites. Eur Polym J2005; 41(5): 1061–1070.
47.
ShiYQYuBDuanLJ, et al. Graphitic carbon nitride/phosphorus-rich aluminum phosphinates hybrids as smoke suppressants and flame retardants for polystyrene. J Hazard Mater2017; 332: 87–96.
48.
YuBTawiahBWangLQ, et al. Interface decoration of exfoliated MXene ultra-thin nanosheets for fire and smoke suppressions of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer. J Hazard Mater2019; 374: 110–119.
49.
LiuLHuangGSongP, et al. Converting industrial alkali lignin to biobased functional additives for improving fire behavior and smoke suppression of polybutylene succinate. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2016; 4(9): 4732–4742.
50.
SchartelBHullTR.Development of fire-retarded materials—interpretation of cone calorimeter data. Fire Mater2007; 31(5): 327–354.
51.
HorrocksAR.Developments in flame retardants for heat and fire resistant textiles—the role of char formation and intumescence. Polym Degrad Stabil1996; 54(2–3): 143–154.
52.
AlarifiAPhylaktouHNAndrewsGE.What kills people in a fire? Heat or smoke? In: 9th SSC Proceedings. The 9th Saudi Students Conference, Birmingham, 13–14February2016.
53.
ChenXMaCJiaoC.Synergistic effects between [Emim] PF 6 and aluminum hypophosphite on flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane. RSC Adv2016; 6(71): 67409–67417.
54.
YuBShiYQYuanBH, et al. Enhanced thermal and flame retardant properties of flame-retardant-wrapped graphene/epoxy resin nanocomposites. J Mater Chem A2015; 3(15): 8034–8044.
55.
YuBXingWYGuoWW, et al. Thermal exfoliation of hexagonal boron nitride for effective enhancements on thermal stability, flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resin nanocomposites via sol-gel process. J Mater Chem A2016; 4(19): 7330–7340.
56.
ShiYYuBZhengY, et al. Design of reduced graphene oxide decorated with DOPO-phosphanomidate for enhanced fire safety of epoxy resin. J Colloid Interf Sci2018; 521: 160–171.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
