Surface migration and effect of ionomer network on ethylene-based copolymer–CaCO 3 –PDMS fire-retardant systems studied by rheological analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online May, 2012
Surface migration and effect of ionomer network on ethylene-based copolymer–CaCO 3 –PDMS fire-retardant systems studied by rheological analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry
The “barrier” mechanism in the condensed phase has long been accepted as the dominant mechanism for the halogen-free, flame-retardant polymeric composites. In previous work from this laboratory, surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used on a silicone-containing system. It turns out that migration to the surface cannot be disregarded in studying the flame-retardant polymeric systems. With the help of rheological measurements, combined with the conventional flammability tests (cone calorimetry, loss on ignition, thermal gravimetric analysis, etc.), a mixed double-layered model has been tentatively identified.
HuangNWangJ. Studies of the action of silicone at the interphase on the flame retardant system of EBA copolymer-chalk. J Fire Sci2009; 27: 235–264.
6.
HaoJWilkieCAWangJ. An XPS investigation of thermal degradation and charring of cross-linked polyisoprene and polychloroprene. Polym Degrad Stab2001; 71: 305–315.
7.
KashiwagiTDuFDouglasJF. Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites. Nat Mater2005; 4: 928–933.
8.
HermanssonAHjertbergTSultanBA. The flame retardant mechanism of polyolefins modified with chalk and silicone elastomer. Fire Mater2003;27: 51–70.
9.
HamdaniSLonguetCLopez-CuestaJ-M. Calcium and aluminum-based fillers as flame-retardant additives in silicone matrices. Polym Degrad Stab2010; 95: 1911–1919.
10.
ZengXTakahashiMYamaneH. Dynamic viscoelasticity of ionomers based on ethylene-co-methacrylic acid copolymer in the melt state. J Soc Rheol (Japan)1999; 27(1): 53–57.
MariëlleW. Ionomeric thermoplastic elastomers based on ethylene-propylene copolymers, preparation, structure and properties. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2000.
13.
(a) MicicPBhattacharyaSN. Rheology of LLDPE, LDPE and LLDPE/LDPE blends and its relevance to the film blowing process. Polym Int2000; 49: 1580–1589; (b) ShiCDayRL., A calorimetric study of early hydration of alkalai-slag cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 25 (6): 1333–1346 (1996).
14.
AshishBClaudeCDuncanTM. Synthesis and rheology of tailored poly(dimethylsiloxane) zinc and sodium ionomers. Macromolecules2006; 39:426–438.
15.
BatraACohenCKimH. Counterion effect on the rheology and morphology of tailored poly(dimethylsiloxane) ionomers. Macromolecules2006; 39: 1630–1638.
16.
McNeillCZulfigarM. Preparation and degradation of salts of poly(methacrylic acid). Part II: magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium salts. Polym Degrad Stab1979; 1: 89–104.
17.
McNeillCAlstonA. Thermal degradation behaviour of acrylic salt polymers and ionomers. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie1998; 261/262: 157–172.
18.
HermanssonAHjertbergTSultanBA. Distribution of calcium carbonate and silicone elastomer in a flame retardant system based on ethylene—acrylate copolymer, chalk and silicone elastomer and its effect on flame retardant properties. J Appl Polym Sci2006; 100: 2085–2095.
